{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:54:56Z","timestamp":1791456896228,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5940","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Maintaining Mutual Ignorance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Our gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that do not activate the immune system because of careful compartmentalization. Such compartmentalization means that our immune system is \u201cignorant\u201d of these microbes and thus it has been proposed that loss of compartmentalization might result in an immune response to the colonizing bacteria. Microorganisms are sensed by cells that express pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, which recognize patterns specific to those microbes.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Slack\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"617\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"325\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1172747\">617<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ) show that Toll-like receptor\u2013dependent signaling is required to maintain compartmentalization of bacteria to the gut of mice. In the absence of Toll-dependent signaling, intestinal bacteria disseminated throughout the body and the mice mounted a high-titer antibody response against them. This antibody response was of great functional importance because, despite the loss of systemic ignorance to intestinal microbes, the mice were tolerant of the bacteria. Thus, in the absence of innate immunity, the adaptive immune system can compensate so that host and bacterial mutualism can be maintained.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,30]],"date-time":"2009-07-30T18:31:18Z","timestamp":1248978678000},"page":"617-620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":459,"title":["Innate and Adaptive Immunity Cooperate Flexibly to Maintain Host-Microbiota Mutualism"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"325","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Slack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada."},{"name":"DKF (Department of Clinical Research), Maurice M\u00fcller Laboratories, Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Hapfelmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada."},{"name":"DKF (Department of Clinical Research), Maurice M\u00fcller Laboratories, Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e4rbel","family":"Stecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8032 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliya","family":"Velykoredko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaike","family":"Stoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A. E.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus B.","family":"Geuking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Beutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Tedder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, 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Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada."},{"name":"DKF (Department of Clinical Research), Maurice M\u00fcller Laboratories, Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, 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