{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:23:04Z","timestamp":1792034584487,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5943","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Going Retro<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In a year celebrating Darwin, the question of how new functional genes arise during evolution is of particular interest. Through a multibreed genetic analysis of the domestic dog,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Parker\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"995\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"325\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1173275\">995<\/jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 16 July; see the Perspective by\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"5943\" page=\"958\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"325\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1178487\">Kaessmann<\/jats:related-article>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    ) find that the short-legged phenotype that characterizes at least 19 common dog breeds, including the corgi, dachshund, and basset hound, is specifically associated with the expression in developing bone of a gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 4 (\n                    <jats:italic>fgf4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a member of a gene family previously implicated in dwarfism in humans. Interestingly, the culprit\n                    <jats:italic>fgf4<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene in dogs has the hallmarks of a \u201cretrogene,\u201d a gene that arises when a parental gene is duplicated through an RNA-based copying mechanism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]],"date-time":"2009-07-16T21:44:35Z","timestamp":1247780675000},"page":"995-998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["An Expressed\n                    <i>Fgf4<\/i>\n                    Retrogene Is Associated with Breed-Defining Chondrodysplasia in Domestic Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"325","author":[{"given":"Heidi G.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridgett M.","family":"VonHoldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Quignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott H.","family":"Margulies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana S.","family":"Mosher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyrone C.","family":"Spady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel","family":"Elkahloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Cargill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affymetrix Corporation, 3420 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L.","family":"Maslen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Acland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan B.","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Kuroki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos D.","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Wayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine A.","family":"Ostrander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, 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