{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:46:02Z","timestamp":1791848762807,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6001","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Web of Parasite Interactions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We live under constant assault from a variety of pathogens. Pathogen exposure will be more or less harmful depending on host factors, including immune status, and, as\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Telfer\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"243\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"330\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1190333\">243<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ; see the Perspective by\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6001\" page=\"187\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"330\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1196915\">Lafferty<\/jats:related-article>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    ) point out, the presence of co-infecting pathogens. In a time-series study of wild voles and four pathogens, co-infection had a larger effect on disease than any other factor. For example, infection with cowpox virus increased susceptibility and prolonged bacterial co-infections. Conversely, an ongoing infection with the bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    reduced the rodents' susceptibility to the protozoan\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In turn, chronic infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    limited susceptibility to the bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]],"date-time":"2010-10-07T14:17:37Z","timestamp":1286461057000},"page":"243-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":530,"title":["Species Interactions in a Parasite Community Drive Infection Risk in a Wildlife Population"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"330","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Telfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Lambin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Birtles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus CH64 7TE, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Beldomenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Burthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Begon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200001698X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707221105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00218.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008000334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008000395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"H. 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