{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:19:52Z","timestamp":1792120792982,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5993","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Out of Africa<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Kidney disease is more common in African Americans than in Americans of European descent, and genetics is likely to be a major contributing factor.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Genovese\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"841\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"329\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1193032\">841<\/jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 15 July) now show that African Americans who carry specific sequence variants in a gene on chromosome 22 encoding apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1) have an increased risk of developing hypertension-attributed end-stage kidney disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. These variants are absent from European chromosomes. Among the functions ascribed to APOL1 is the ability to lyse and kill trypanosomes. Intriguingly, APOL1 derived from the risk alleles, but not the \u201cwild-type\u201d allele, killed\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which causes African sleeping sickness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]],"date-time":"2010-07-15T22:40:09Z","timestamp":1279233609000},"page":"841-845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1898,"title":["Association of Trypanolytic ApoL1 Variants with Kidney Disease in African Americans"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"329","author":[{"given":"Giulio","family":"Genovese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA."},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA."},{"name":"Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital (BWH), Boston, MA 02215, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Lecordier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de M\u00e9decine Mol\u00e9culaires, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierrick","family":"Uzureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de M\u00e9decine Mol\u00e9culaires, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry I.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald W.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA."},{"name":"Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl D.","family":"Langefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics and Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taras K.","family":"Oleksyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Uscinski Knob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital (BWH), Boston, MA 02215, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Bernhardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA."},{"name":"Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George W.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Vanhollebeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de M\u00e9decine Mol\u00e9culaires, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl A.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Incorporated, National Cancer Institute\u2013Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, 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