{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:01Z","timestamp":1791354121095,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6000","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"Closing the Vector Circle<\/jats:title>\n \n The genome sequence of\n Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n offers a representative of the third major genus of mosquito disease vectors for comparative analysis. In a major international effort,\n \n Arensburger\n et al.<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n (p.\n 86<\/jats:related-article>\n ) uncovered divergences in the\n C. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n genome compared with the representatives of the other two genera\n Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n . The main difference noted is the expansion of numbers of genes, particularly for immunity, oxidoreductive functions, and digestive enzymes, which may reflect specific aspects of the\n Culex<\/jats:italic>\n life cycle.\n \n Bartholomay\n et al.<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n (p.\n 88<\/jats:related-article>\n ) explored infection-response genes in\n Culex<\/jats:italic>\n in more depth and uncovered 500 immune response-related genes, similar to the numbers seen in\n Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n , but fewer than seen in\n Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n or the fruit fly\n Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n . The higher numbers of genes were attributed partly to expansions in those encoding serpins, C-type lectins, and fibrinogen-related proteins, consistent with greater immune surveillance and associated signaling needed to monitor the dangers of breeding in polluted, urbanized environments. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that inoculation with unfamiliar bacteria prompted strong immune responses in\n Culex<\/jats:italic>\n . The worm and virus pathogens that the mosquitoes transmit naturally provoked little immune activation, however, suggesting that tolerance has evolved to any damage caused by replication of the pathogens in the insects.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,30]],"date-time":"2010-09-30T18:40:29Z","timestamp":1285872029000},"page":"88-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Pathogenomics of\n Culex quinquefasciatus<\/i>\n and Meta-Analysis of Infection Responses to Diverse Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"330","author":[{"given":"Lyric C.","family":"Bartholomay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Waterhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, CH, Switzerland."},{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, CH, Switzerland."},{"name":"Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George F.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey L.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, Arthropod Genomics Center, Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchismita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanwal","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Arensburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, Arthropod Genomics Center, Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinead B.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Broad Institute, Cambridge MA 02142, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuemei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. 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