{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:19:05Z","timestamp":1793067545319,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6101","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Recognizing Escaped Commensals<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In order to coexist peacefully, the billions of bacteria in our gut and our immune system have reached a d\u00e9tente. An intestinal mucosal firewall exists, so bacteria remain localized to the gut, where the immune system is tightly regulated so that these bacteria are tolerated. Enteric infections, however, lead to a breach in this mucosal firewall, resulting in exposure of the peripheral immune system to the intestinal bacterial contents. What is the result? Using oral\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in mice,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Hand\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"1553\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"337\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1220961\">1553<\/jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 23 August) show that, besides the\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013specific T cell response, a commensal bacteria\u2013specific T cell response is elicited. The CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell\u2013specific response was tracked to a commensal-derived flagellin, and these T cells expanded after\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and formed long-lived memory cells able to respond to subsequent challenges. Thus, enteric infections can lead to the formation of commensal bacteria\u2013specific, long-lived memory T cells that reside throughout the body\u2014which may play a role in intestinal pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,24]],"date-time":"2012-08-24T20:16:45Z","timestamp":1345839405000},"page":"1553-1556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":372,"title":["Acute Gastrointestinal Infection Induces Long-Lived Microbiota-Specific T Cell Responses"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Hand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane M.","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."},{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bouladoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Molloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Pag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Pepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig L.","family":"Maynard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Alabama\u2013Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Charles O.","family":"Elson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal HIV and Immunobiology Center, University of Alabama\u2013Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Belkaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, 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