{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:35:16Z","timestamp":1791272116792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6093","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Tricky Tryps<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    African trypanosomes, responsible for human sleeping sickness, are known for their powerful strategies of immune evasion, in particular antigenic variation. Adding another facet to this adaptive potential,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Salmon\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"463\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"337\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1222753\">463<\/jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 14 June; see the cover) now show that early after infection, these parasites subvert the first line of innate host defense by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 synthesis in myeloid cells. This occurs through the stress-induced synthesis and release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by phagocytosed parasites. The findings provide a long-sought function for the abundant and diverse adenylate cyclases in salivarian trypanosomes. Furthermore, this altruistic host colonization strategy, in which a proportion of parasites are sacrificed so that others can thrive, also highlights the selective advantage of population behavior in infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]],"date-time":"2012-06-15T00:03:39Z","timestamp":1339718619000},"page":"463-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Adenylate Cyclases of\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>\n                    Inhibit the Innate Immune Response of the Host"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"Didier","family":"Salmon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B6041 Gosselies, Belgium."},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centro de 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