{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:48:08Z","timestamp":1791874088849,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6115","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>How the Crocodile Got Its Scales<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mammalian hairs, avian feathers, and reptile scales differentiate and grow from genetically controlled units. Using three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics and computational biology to study scale generation,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Milinkovitch\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"78\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"339\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1226265\">78<\/jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 29 November; see the cover) show that crocodilians' face and jaw scales do not follow this rule but emerge by physical cracking of the developing skin in a tension field. Thus, a crocodile's head scales are not genetically controlled developmental units but are random polygonal domains of keratinized skin that are generated from a self-organizing physical process.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T01:40:44Z","timestamp":1354239644000},"page":"78-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Crocodile Head Scales Are Not Developmental Units But Emerge from Physical Cracking"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"339","author":[{"given":"Michel C.","family":"Milinkovitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Manukyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Debry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Di-Po\u00ef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Ferme aux Crocodiles, Pierrelatte, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daljit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Graphics Group, University of Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Namur Center for Complex Systems, University of Namur, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Zwicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Graphics Group, University of Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.072556cc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1952.0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01041.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. 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