{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:02:50Z","timestamp":1790744570503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6196","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Parasites make it hard to fight viruses<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Microbial co-infections challenge the immune system\u2014different pathogens often require different flavors of immune responses for their elimination or containment (see the Perspective by Maizels and Gause). Two teams studied what happens when parasitic worms and viruses infect mice at the same time. Reese\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    found that parasite co-infection woke up a dormant virus. Osborne\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    found that mice already infected with parasitic worms were worse at fighting off viruses. In both cases, worms skewed the immune response so that the immune cells and the molecules they secreted created an environment favorable for the worm at the expense of antiviral immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Science<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this issue p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6196\" page=\"573\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"345\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1254517\">573<\/jats:related-article>\n                    and p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6196\" page=\"578\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"345\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1256942\">578<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ; see also p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6196\" page=\"517\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"345\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1258443\">517<\/jats:related-article>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]],"date-time":"2014-07-18T02:23:24Z","timestamp":1405650204000},"page":"578-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"345","author":[{"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, 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