{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:35:39Z","timestamp":1773657339276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"3640","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1964,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            House flies (\n            <jats:italic>Musca domestica<\/jats:italic>\n            ) raised under sterile conditions on a diet lacking carotenoids and retinol (vitamin A) have visual receptor sensitivities\u2014as assessed electroretinographically\u2014which average more than 2 log units below normal, both in the near ultraviolet (340 m\u03bc) and visible (500 m\u03bc) regions of the spectrum. Loss of sensitivity can be prevented by the addition of \u03b2-carotene to the larval food. Flies reared for several generations on a carotenoid-free diet, but under conditions where the adults are not kept sterile, do not show a further loss of sensitivity. It is suggested that carotenoid stored in the egg prevents complete blindness in the first generation, and that microorganisms can supply small amounts of carotenoid and thereby prevent complete blindness in the second and successive generations.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.146.3640.65","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T09:47:29Z","timestamp":1160041649000},"page":"65-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Sensitivity of Visual Receptors of Carotenoid-Depleted Flies: A Vitamin A Deficiency in an Invertebrate"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Timothy H.","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy J.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Research Division, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles F.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Research Division, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01506a004","volume":"82","year":"1960","unstructured":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 82: 5575 (1960).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"242","year":"1955","unstructured":"Soap and Sanitary Chemistry Blue Book, Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association: 242 (1955).","journal-title":"Soap and Sanitary Chemistry Blue Book, Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1959-0413","volume":"14","year":"1959","unstructured":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG B 14: 273 (1959).","journal-title":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/190639a0","volume":"190","year":"1961","unstructured":"AUTRUM, H, SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF SINGLE VISUAL CELLS, NATURE 190: 639 (1961).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35625-4","volume":"172","year":"1948","unstructured":"BLISS, A.F., THE MECHANISM OF RETINAL VITAMIN-A FORMATION, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 172: 165 (1948).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/1821288a0","volume":"182","year":"1958","unstructured":"BROWN, P.K., VISUAL PIGMENTS OF THE OCTOPUS AND CUTTLEFISH, NATURE 182: 1288 (1958).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"86","volume":"16","year":"1962","unstructured":"BRUKHARDT, D, SYMPOSIA OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 16: 86 (1962).","journal-title":"SYMPOSIA OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030620107","volume":"62","year":"1963","unstructured":"COHEN, C.F., VITAMIN A CONTENT AND SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF HOUSE FLIES REARED ON DIETS WITH AND WITHOUT A VITAMIN A SOURCE, JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 62: 43 (1963).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die elektrophysiologisch bestimmte Sensitivitatsverteilung des Fliegenauges im sichtbaren Spektrum","volume":"42","year":"1950","unstructured":"DONNER, K. 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