{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:11:26Z","timestamp":1791929486355,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"3819","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Hydrogen interacts with many metals to reduce their ductility (\n            <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and frequently their strength also. It enters metals in the atomic form, diffusing very rapidly even at normal temperatures. During melting and fabrication, as well as during use, there are various ways in which metals come in contact with hydrogen and absorb it. The absorbed hydrogen may react irreversibly with oxides or carbides in some metals to produce a permanently degraded structure. It may also recombine at internal surfaces of defects of various types to form gaseous molecular hydrogen under pressures sufficiently high to form metal blisters when the recombination occurs near the outer surface. In other metals, brittle hydrides that lower the mechanical properties of the metal are formed. Another type of embrittlement is reversible, depending on the presence of hydrogen in the metal lattice during deformation for its occurrence. Under some conditions the failure may be delayed for long periods. A number of different mechanisms have been postulated to explain reversible embrittlement. According to some theories hydrogen interferes with the processes of plastic deformation in metals, while according to others it enhances the tendency for cracking.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.159.3819.1057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T11:50:27Z","timestamp":1160049027000},"page":"1057-1064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"H. C.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metallurgist with the General Electric Research and Development Center, Schenectady, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"311","year":"1959","unstructured":"Bastien, P. G., Physical Metallurgy of Stress Corrosion Fracture: 311 (1959).","journal-title":"Physical Metallurgy of Stress Corrosion Fracture"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Bell P. E. Bibliography on the Effects of Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals: 1952 to Present Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report LAMS 2283 (1959)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"298","volume":"200","year":"1954","unstructured":"BROWN, J.T., HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF STEELS, TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS 200: 298 (1954).","journal-title":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Buzzard R. W. Hydrogen Embrittlement of Steel A Review of the Literature U.S. National Bureau of Standards Circular 511 (1951)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6425(61)90005-6","volume":"9","year":"1961","unstructured":"COTTERILL, P, THE HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF METALS, PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 9: 205 (1961).","journal-title":"PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"585","volume":"177","year":"1954","unstructured":"DEKAZINCZY, F, JOURNAL OF THE IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE 177: 585 (1954).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Fast J. D. Interaction of Metals and Gases 1 (1965)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"892","volume":"47","year":"1955","unstructured":"FROHMBERG, R.P., TRANSACTIONS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS 47: 892 (1955).","journal-title":"TRANSACTIONS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1921.0006","volume":"221","year":"1921","unstructured":"GRIFFITH, A. A., PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES A 221: 163 (1921).","journal-title":"PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"528","volume":"212","year":"1958","unstructured":"JOHNSON, H.H., HYDROGEN, CRACK INITIATION, AND DELAYED FAILURE IN STEEL, TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS 212: 528 (1958).","journal-title":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"12-S","year":"1955","unstructured":"NELSON, G.A., WELDING JOURNAL RESEARCH 34: 12-S (1955).","journal-title":"WELDING JOURNAL RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/169842a0","volume":"169","year":"1952","unstructured":"PETCH, N.J., DELAYED FRACTURE OF METALS UNDER STATIC LOAD, NATURE 169: 842 (1952).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Read H. J. Hydrogen Embrittlement In Metal Finishing (1961)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"167","volume":"2","year":"1954","unstructured":"ROGERS, H. C., ACTA METALLURGICA 2: 167 (1954).","journal-title":"ACTA METALLURGICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"112","volume":"5","year":"1957","unstructured":"ROGERS, H.C., TRANSACTIONS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS 5: 112 (1957).","journal-title":"TRANSACTIONS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smialowski M. Hydrogen in Steel (1962).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-009697-1.50015-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Smith D. P. Hydrogen in Metals (1948)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"621","year":"1963","unstructured":"Tetelman, A. S., Fracture of Solids: 621 (1963).","journal-title":"Fracture of Solids"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"54","volume":"52","year":"1960","unstructured":"TROIANO, A.R., TRANSACTIONS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS 52: 54 (1960).","journal-title":"TRANSACTIONS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Williams D. N. 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