{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:48:55Z","timestamp":1787168935902,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"3824","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of thyroid carcinoma and of clinically palpable thyroid nodules is compared in three groups of individuals many years after exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood or infancy. The estimated mean cumulative doses to the thyroid gland ranged from 20 rad in the Ann Arbor series irradiated with x-rays as infants for thymic enlargement upward to 1225 rad of mixed radiation (including that from ingested radioiodine) in the Marshallese children. Intermediate between these extremes is the high-risk subgroup in the Rochester series of persons irradiated for thymic enlargement; they received an estimated mean thyroid dose of 335 rad.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A plot of the incidence of thyroid nodularity against the total cumulative thyroid dose gives what could be a linear dose response with no threshold or, at least, a threshold below 20 rad. The risk of developing carcinoma in the three studies ranges from 0 to 5.5 cases and that for nodularity 38 to 52 cases per 106 persons exposed per rad (thyroid dose) per year. There is evidence from animal experimentation that the biologically effective dose in the case of the Marshallese would have been considerably lower than the cumulative physical dose; hence, the dose response might actually be curvilinear at least in the higher dose range.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In view of the uncertainties regarding dose and the assumptions made in my study, the risk values may not be exact; however, these values reflect the trends regarding risks estimated from the best available data in man. Furthermore, the estimated risk values apply only if radiation exposure occurred in childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.160.3824.159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T07:50:27Z","timestamp":1160034627000},"page":"159-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Risk of Thyroid Neoplasms after Irradiation in Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Louis H.","family":"Hempelmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Radiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations 12 (1964)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/6\/4\/307","volume":"6","year":"1962","unstructured":"BEACH, S.A., A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X-RAY DOSE DELIVERED TO THYROIDS OF CHILDREN AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS, PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 6: 583 (1962).","journal-title":"PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1953.18","volume":"7","year":"1953","unstructured":"BIELSCHOWSKY, F, BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER 7: 203 (1953).","journal-title":"BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Bond V. P. Brookhaven National Laboratory Report BNL6704 (1962)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196606232742501","volume":"274","year":"1966","unstructured":"CONARD, R. A., NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 274: 1391 (1966).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-196312000-00044","volume":"9","year":"1963","unstructured":"DONIACH, I, HEALTH PHYSICS 9: 1357 (1963).","journal-title":"HEALTH PHYSICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"7","year":"1959","unstructured":"Furth, J., Radiation Biology and Cancer: 7 (1959).","journal-title":"Radiation Biology and Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"317","volume":"38","year":"1967","unstructured":"HEMPELMANN, L, NEOPLASMS IN PERSONS TREATED WITH X RAYS IN INFANCY FOR THYMIC ENLARGEMENT . A REPORT OF 3RD FOLLOW-UP SURVEY, JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE 38: 317 (1967).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V15.3.313.313","volume":"15","year":"1960","unstructured":"HEYSSEL, R.M., LEUKEMIA IN HIROSHIMA ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS, BLOOD 15: 313 (1960).","journal-title":"BLOOD"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"667","volume":"82","year":"1959","unstructured":"LATOURETTE, H.B., INCIDENCE OF NEOPLASIA AFTER IRRADIATION OF THYMIC REGION, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY RADIUM THERAPY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 82: 667 (1959).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY RADIUM THERAPY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03080160054014","volume":"192","year":"1965","unstructured":"MATOVINOVIC, J, GOITER AND OTHER THYROID DISEASES IN TECUMSEH MICHIGAN, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 192: 234 (1965).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.103.1.13","volume":"103","year":"1968","unstructured":"Pifer, J. W., American Journal of Roentgenology 103: 13 (1968).","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-66-6-1154","volume":"66","year":"1967","unstructured":"PINCUS, R.A., THYROID ABNORMALITIES AFTER RADIATION EXPOSURE IN INFANCY, ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 66: 1154 (1967).","journal-title":"ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"682","volume":"14","year":"1954","unstructured":"UPTON, A. C., CANCER RESEARCH 14: 682 (1954).","journal-title":"CANCER RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195412092512403","volume":"251","year":"1954","unstructured":"VANDER, J.B., SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLITARY NONTOXIC THYROID NODULES - PRELIMINARY REPORT, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 251: 970 (1954).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"315","volume":"35","year":"1943","unstructured":"WARREN, S, ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY 35: 315 (1943).","journal-title":"ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.160.3824.159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1704949947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.160.3824.159"}},"subtitle":["Studies of populations exposed to radiation in childhood show a dose response over a wide dose range"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3824","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.160.3824.159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.160.3824.159","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,12]]}}}