{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:36:53Z","timestamp":1790836613024,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4001","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reversible breakdown of the blood-brain barrier is produced by a class of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes which have little or no lipid solubility but which differ in chemical and ionic properties. These agents may osmotically shrink barrier cells, possibly the vascular endothelium, and reversibly open spaces between them. Lipid-soluble nonelectrolytes damage the barrier irreversibly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.4001.1026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T13:17:43Z","timestamp":1160054263000},"page":"1026-1028","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Reversible Osmotic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Stanley I.","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda,Maryland 20014"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaharu","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomical Sciences, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke,Bethesda 20014"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Klatzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomical Sciences, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke,Bethesda 20014"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"INT CRITICAL TABLES (1926)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"ALTMAN P.L. BLOOD OTHER BODY FLU (1961)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(70)90151-6","volume":"10","year":"1970","unstructured":"BRIGHTMAN, M.W., BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO PROTEINS UNDER NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES 10: 215 (1970).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1945.tb00297.x","volume":"10","year":"1945","unstructured":"BROMAN, T, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DISORDERS IN THE PERMEABILITY OF THE CEREBRAL VESSELS (THE BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER) PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AGENTS, ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 10: 102 (1945).","journal-title":"ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"BROMAN T PERMEABILITY CEREBRO (1949)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01273a004","volume":"60","year":"1938","unstructured":"CHADWELL, H.M., The freezing points of concentrated aqueous solutions of urea, urethan, and acetamidel, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 60: 1291 (1938).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1","volume":"11","year":"1933","unstructured":"COLLANDER, R, ACTA BOTANICA FENNICA 11: 1 (1933).","journal-title":"ACTA BOTANICA FENNICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.03-0717","volume":"3","year":"1949","unstructured":"COLLANDER, R, DIE VERTEILUNG ORGANISCHER VERBINDUNGEN ZWISCHEN ATHER UND WASSER, ACTA CHEMICA SCANDINAVICA 3: 717 (1949).","journal-title":"ACTA CHEMICA SCANDINAVICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1949.tb07655.x","volume":"2","year":"1949","unstructured":"COLLANDER, R, THE PERMEABILITY OF PLANT PROTOPLASTS TO SMALL MOLECULES, PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2: 300 (1949).","journal-title":"PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"529","volume":"37","year":"1967","unstructured":"CRESCENZI, V, RICERCA SCIENTIFICA 37: 529 (1967).","journal-title":"RICERCA SCIENTIFICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"FENICHEL I.R. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 60 221 (1963)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1966.211.2.341","volume":"211","year":"1966","unstructured":"FENSTERMACHER, J.D., FILTRATION AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS OF RABBIT BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 211: 341 (1966).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1969.216.3.675","volume":"216","year":"1969","unstructured":"FREEDMAN, F.B., EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC PROPERTIES OF EVANS BLUE-ALBUMIN SYSTEM, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 216: 675 (1969).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"397","volume":"39","year":"1961","unstructured":"GARNER, F.H., TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 39: 397 (1961).","journal-title":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01128a060","volume":"74","year":"1952","unstructured":"GOSTING, L.J., A STUDY OF THE DIFFUSION OF UREA IN WATER AT 25-DEGREES WITH THE GOUY INTERFERENCE METHOD, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 74: 2058 (1952).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"HOBER R PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (1945)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"HORI M UNPUBLISHED."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"159","volume":"40","year":"1895","unstructured":"OVERTON, E, VIERTELJAHRSSCHRIFT DER NATURFORSCHENDEN GESELLSCHAFT 40: 159 (1895).","journal-title":"VIERTELJAHRSSCHRIFT DER NATURFORSCHENDEN GESELLSCHAFT"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1970.219.1.270","volume":"219","year":"1970","unstructured":"RAPOPORT, S.I., EFFECT OF CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS ON BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 219: 270 (1970).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"273","volume":"1","year":"1970","unstructured":"RAPOPORT, S.I., INT J NEUROSCI 1: 273 (1970).","journal-title":"INT J NEUROSCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"310","volume":"144","year":"1964","unstructured":"RAPOPORT, S.T., EFFECT OF TOPICALLY APPLIED SUBSTANCES ON BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 144: 310 (1964).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007327","volume":"170","year":"1964","unstructured":"RAPOPORT, S.I., CORTICAL PH + BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 170: 238 (1964).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.34.1.207","volume":"34","year":"1967","unstructured":"REESE, T.S., FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO EXOGENOUS PEROXIDASE, JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 34: 207 (1967).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"2","year":"1959","unstructured":"ROBINSON, S.A., ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION: 2 (1959).","journal-title":"ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50531a054","volume":"46","year":"1954","unstructured":"ROSS, H.K., CRYOSCOPIC STUDIES - CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS OF HYDROXY COMPOUNDS, INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 46: 601 (1954).","journal-title":"INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01322a013","volume":"56","year":"1934","unstructured":"SCATCHARD, G, Freezing points of aqueous solutions VII Ethyl alcohol, glycine and their mixtures, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 56: 1486 (1934).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"2126","volume":"70","year":"1967","unstructured":"STOKES, R.H., J PHYS CHEM 70: 2126 (1967).","journal-title":"J PHYS CHEM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1964.206.2.251","volume":"206","year":"1964","unstructured":"STREICHER, E, DISTRIBUTION OF THIOCYANATE BETWEEN PLASMA + CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 206: 251 (1964).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"227","volume":"172","year":"1969","unstructured":"WRIGHT, E.M., PATTERNS OF NON-ELECTROLYTE PERMEABILITY, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 172: 227 (1969).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.173.4001.1026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T16:06:19Z","timestamp":1704989179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.173.4001.1026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1971,9,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4001","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,9,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.173.4001.1026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.173.4001.1026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1971,9,10]]}}}