{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T10:26:07Z","timestamp":1751883967375},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4117","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1973,12,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            It is proposed that the visible cloud deck on Venus is composed of droplets of sulfuric acid. These are formed by the very rapid photooxidation of carbonyl sulfide in the upper atmosphere. The clouds are best described as an extensive haze since the predicted particulate scale height probably exceeds the gas scale height within the layer. The predicted mixing ratio for water is 10\n            <jats:sup>-6<\/jats:sup>\n            (lower limit), and for both carbonyl sulfide and sulfur dioxide it is 10\n            <jats:sup>-7<\/jats:sup>\n            (upper limit); these are in good agreement with observations. Gaps in the layer are not possible unless the planetary scale dynamics produce cloud turnover times of less than a few days. Under these conditions the water mixing ratio could approach 10\n            <jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>\n            and the formation of a thin hydrochloric acid haze at high altitude above the main cloud is possible.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4117.1132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T14:05:45Z","timestamp":1160057145000},"page":"1132-1135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Venus: Composition and Structure of the Visible Clouds"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Ronald G.","family":"Prinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1969)026<0874:SOVAJF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"26","year":"1969","unstructured":"ANDERSON, R.C., SPECTRA OF VENUS AND JUPITER FROM 1800-A TO 3200-A, JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 26: 874 (1969).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"300","volume":"5","year":"1973","unstructured":"BARKER, E.S., BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 5: 300 (1973).","journal-title":"BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1968)025<0596:TOTCOG>2.0.CO;2","volume":"25","year":"1968","unstructured":"BELTON, MJS, THEORY OF CURVE OF GROWTH AND PHASE EFFECTS IN A CLOUDY ATMOSPHERE - APPLICATIONS TO VENUS, JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 25: 596 (1968).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1086\/110292","volume":"72","year":"1967","unstructured":"BOYER, C, ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHS AND RADAR CROSS SECTION OF VENUS IN 1966, ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL 72: 679 (1967).","journal-title":"ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(69)90067-0","volume":"11","year":"1969","unstructured":"BOYER, C, STUDY OF RETROGRADE ROTATION, IN 4 DAYS, OF EXTERIOR CLOUD LAYER OF VENUS, ICARUS 11: 338 (1969).","journal-title":"ICARUS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1086\/148207","volume":"141","year":"1965","unstructured":"CHAMBERLIAN, J, ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS NEAR HER CLOUD TOPS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 141: 1184 (1965).","journal-title":"ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"195","volume":"6","year":"1967","unstructured":"CRUIKSHANK, D.P., COMMUN LUNAR PLANET 6: 195 (1967).","journal-title":"COMMUN LUNAR PLANET"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"199","volume":"6","year":"1967","unstructured":"CRUIKSHANK, D.P., COMM LUNAR PLANET LA 6: 199 (1967).","journal-title":"COMM LUNAR PLANET LA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4070.280","volume":"179","year":"1973","unstructured":"DAVIS, D.D., HYDROPEROXYL RADICAL IN ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL DYNAMICS - REACTION WITH CARBON-MONOXIDE, SCIENCE 179: 280 (1973).","journal-title":"SCIENCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/2221164a0","volume":"222","year":"1969","unstructured":"Donovan, R. 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