{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:51:14Z","timestamp":1792119074066,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4987","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Major epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis result from infections with Norwalk or Norwalk-like viruses. Virus purified from stool specimens of volunteers experimentally infected with Norwalk virus was used to construct recombinant complementary DNA (cDNA) and derive clones representing most of the viral genome. The specificity of the clones was shown by their hybridization with post- (but not pre-) infection stool samples from volunteers infected with Norwalk virus and with purified Norwalk virus. A correlation was observed between the appearance of hybridization signals in stool samples and clinical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in volunteers. Hybridization assays between overlapping clones, restriction enzyme analyses, and partial nucleotide sequence information of the clones indicated that Norwalk virus contains a single-stranded RNA genome of positive sense, with a polyadenylated tail at the 3\u2032 end and a size of at least 7.5 kilobases. A consensus amino acid sequence motif typical of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases was identified in one of the Norwalk virus clones. The availability of Norwalk-specific cDNA and the new sequence information of the viral genome should permit the development of sensitive diagnostic assays and studies of the molecular biology of the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2177224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T22:10:14Z","timestamp":1160086214000},"page":"1580-1583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":470,"title":["Norwalk Virus Genome Cloning and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Y.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Section, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kening","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"16","volume":"58","year":"1953","unstructured":"DINGLE, J.H., A STUDY OF ILLNESS IN A GROUP OF CLEVELAND FAMILIES .1. PLAN OF STUDY AND CERTAIN GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HYGIENE 58: 16 (1953).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HYGIENE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-140-36508","volume":"140","year":"1972","unstructured":"DOLIN, R, BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NORWALK AGENT OF ACUTE INFECTIOUS NONBACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 140: 578 (1972).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198603133141109","volume":"314","year":"1986","unstructured":"DUPONT, H.L., CONSUMPTION OF RAW SHELLFISH - IS THE RISK NOW UNACCEPTABLE, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 314: 707 (1986).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6404.1532","volume":"287","year":"1983","unstructured":"GILL, O.N., EPIDEMIC OF GASTROENTERITIS CAUSED BY OYSTERS CONTAMINATED WITH SMALL ROUND STRUCTURED VIRUSES, BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 287: 1532 (1983).","journal-title":"BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.37.3.994-999.1981","volume":"37","year":"1981","unstructured":"Greenberg, H. B., Journal of Virology 37: 994 (1981).","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113311","volume":"115","year":"1982","unstructured":"GUNN, R.A., NORWALK VIRUS GASTROENTERITIS FOLLOWING RAW OYSTER CONSUMPTION, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 115: 348 (1982).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.53.10.2487-2495.1987","volume":"53","year":"1987","unstructured":"JIANG, X, APPL ENVIRON MICROB 53: 2487 (1987).","journal-title":"APPL ENVIRON MICROB"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.5.874-879.1989","volume":"27","year":"1989","unstructured":"JIANG, X, J CLIN MICROBIOL 27: 874 (1989).","journal-title":"J CLIN MICROBIOL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"JIANG X unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.10.5.1075-1081.1972","volume":"10","year":"1972","unstructured":"KAPIKIAN, A.Z., VISUALIZATION BY IMMUNE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY OF A 27-NM PARTICLE ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE INFECTIOUS NONBACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS, JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY 10: 1075 (1972).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"874","volume":"142","year":"1974","unstructured":"KAPIKIAN, A.Z., PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 142: 874 (1974).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"671","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kapikian, A. Z., Virology: 671 (1990).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.12.1329","volume":"72","year":"1982","unstructured":"KAPLAN, J.E., THE FREQUENCY OF A NORWALK-LIKE PATTERN OF ILLNESS IN OUTBREAKS OF ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 72: 1329 (1982).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198603133141103","volume":"314","year":"1986","unstructured":"MORSE, D.L., WIDESPREAD OUTBREAKS OF CLAM-ASSOCIATED AND OYSTER-ASSOCIATED GASTROENTERITIS - ROLE OF NORWALK VIRUS, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 314: 678 (1986).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1979.tb104133.x","volume":"2","year":"1979","unstructured":"MURPHY, A.M., AUSTRALIA-WIDE OUTBREAK OF GASTROENTERITIS FROM OYSTERS CAUSED BY NORWALK VIRUS, MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA 2: 329 (1979).","journal-title":"MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2107574"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1989.tb01514.x","volume":"33","year":"1989","unstructured":"SEKINE, S, PREVALENCE OF SMALL ROUND STRUCTURED VIRUS-INFECTIONS IN ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS OUTBREAKS IN TOKYO, MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 33: 207 (1989).","journal-title":"MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.1.28","volume":"132","year":"1975","unstructured":"THORNHILL, T.S., PATTERN OF SHEDDING OF NORWALK PARTICLE IN STOOLS DURING EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GASTROENTERITIS IN VOLUNTEERS AS DETERMINED BY IMMUNE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY, JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 132: 28 (1975).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.1.72","volume":"72","year":"1982","unstructured":"WILSON, R, WATERBORNE GASTROENTERITIS DUE TO THE NORWALK AGENT - CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 72: 72 (1982).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.2177224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T09:41:21Z","timestamp":1705052481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.2177224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,14]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4987","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.2177224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.2177224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,14]]}}}