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Two weeks after surgery, memory was assessed by presenting each of the 100 object pairs again for a single-choice trial. Normal monkeys exhibited forgetting; that is, they remembered recently learned objects better than objects learned many weeks earlier. Monkeys with hippocampal damage were severely impaired at remembering recently learned objects. In addition, they remembered objects learned long ago as well as normal monkeys did and significantly better than they remembered objects learned recently. These results show that the hippocampal formation is required for memory storage for only a limited period of time after learning. As time passes, its role in memory diminishes, and a more permanent memory gradually develops independently of the hippocampal formation, probably in neocortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2218534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T18:10:14Z","timestamp":1160071814000},"page":"288-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":650,"title":["The Primate Hippocampal Formation: Evidence for a Time-Limited Role in Memory Storage"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Stuart M.","family":"Zola-Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry R.","family":"Squire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(88)90143-9","volume":"11","year":"1988","unstructured":"BARNES, C.A., SPATIAL-LEARNING AND MEMORY PROCESSES - THE SEARCH FOR THEIR NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN THE RAT, TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES 11: 163 (1988).","journal-title":"TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.5.679","volume":"34","year":"1984","unstructured":"CUMMINGS, J.L., AMNESIA WITH HIPPOCAMPAL-LESIONS AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST, NEUROLOGY 34: 679 (1984).","journal-title":"NEUROLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(89)90005-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"31","volume":"93","year":"1968","unstructured":"DEJONG, R.N., TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 93: 31 (1968).","journal-title":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044212","volume":"58","year":"1961","unstructured":"GLICKMAN, S.E., PERSEVERATIVE NEURAL PROCESSES AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE MEMORY TRACE, PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 58: 218 (1961).","journal-title":"PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"165","year":"1984","unstructured":"Halgren, E., Neuropsychology of Memory: 165 (1984).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology of Memory"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03393227","volume":"2","year":"1938","unstructured":"HARLOW, H.F., PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2: 434 (1938).","journal-title":"PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03337776","volume":"17","year":"1989","unstructured":"MACKINNON, D.F., AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY AND AMNESIA, PSYCHOBIOLOGY 17: 247 (1989).","journal-title":"PSYCHOBIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-09-01214.1982","volume":"2","year":"1982","unstructured":"MAHUT, H, HIPPOCAMPAL RESECTIONS IMPAIR ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING AND RECOGNITION MEMORY IN THE MONKEY, JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2: 1214 (1982).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"23","volume":"262","year":"1971","unstructured":"MARR, D, SIMPLE MEMORY - THEORY FOR ARCHICORTEX, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 262: 23 (1971).","journal-title":"PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayes A. 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