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Assays of ten blood transfusions in the United States that resulted in chronic NANBH revealed that there was at least one positive blood donor in nine of these cases and that all ten recipients seroconverted during their illnesses. About 80 percent of chronic, post-transfusion NANBH (PT-NANBH) patients from Italy and Japan had circulating HCV antibody; a much lower frequency (15 percent) was observed in acute, resolving infections. In addition, 58 percent of NANBH patients from the United States with no identifiable source of parenteral exposure to the virus were also positive for HCV antibody. These data indicate that HCV is a major cause of NANBH throughout the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2496467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T21:21:28Z","timestamp":1160083288000},"page":"362-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2651,"title":["An Assay for Circulating Antibodies to a Major Etiologic Virus of Human Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.-L.","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.J.","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.L.","family":"Gitnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20205."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.G.","family":"Redeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Liver Unit, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downev, CA 90242."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.H.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20205."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Miyamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, 10-35, 2-Chome, Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 141, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.L.","family":"Dienstag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20205."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.E.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology, New York Blood Center New York 10021."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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