{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:39:54Z","timestamp":1793057994681,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5221","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5221.198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]],"date-time":"2006-10-27T14:19:42Z","timestamp":1161958782000},"page":"198-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6438,"title":["Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"M. H.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Ensher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. R.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Wieman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. A.","family":"Cornell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum Physics Division, NIST, JILA-NIST, and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.74.3577","volume":"74","year":"1995","unstructured":"ADAMS, C.S., EVAPORATIVE COOLING IN A CROSSED DIPOLE TRAP, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 74: 3577 (1995).","journal-title":"PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3597","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.50.R3597","volume":"50","year":"1994","unstructured":"ANDERSON, M.H., REDUCTION OF LIGHT-ASSISTED COLLISIONAL LOSS RATE FROM A LOW-PRESSURE VAPOR-CELL TRAP, PHYSICAL REVIEW A 50: R3597 (1994).","journal-title":"PHYSICAL REVIEW A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4354","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.35.4354","volume":"35","year":"1987","unstructured":"BAGNATO, V, BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION IN AN EXTERNAL POTENTIAL, PHYSICAL REVIEW A 35: 4354 (1987).","journal-title":"PHYSICAL REVIEW A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01327326","volume":"26","year":"1924","unstructured":"BOSE, S.N., Z PHYS 26: 178 (1924).","journal-title":"Z PHYS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.74.5202","volume":"74","year":"1995","unstructured":"DAVIS, K.B., EVAPORATIVE COOLING OF SODIUM ATOMS, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 74: 5202 (1995).","journal-title":"PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"3","year":"1925","unstructured":"EINSTEIN, A, SITZUNGSBERICHTE DER PREUSSICHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHYSIKALISCH-MATHEMATISCHE KLASSE: 3 (1925).","journal-title":"SITZUNGSBERICHTE DER PREUSSICHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHYSIKALISCH-MATHEMATISCHE KLASSE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"261","year":"1924","unstructured":"EINSTEIN, A, SITZUNGSBERICHTE DER PREUSSICHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHYSIKALISCH-MATHEMATISCHE KLASSE: 261 (1924).","journal-title":"SITZUNGSBERICHTE DER PREUSSICHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHYSIKALISCH-MATHEMATISCHE KLASSE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.74.3764","volume":"74","year":"1995","unstructured":"GARDNER, J.R., COLLISIONS OF DOUBLY SPIN-POLARIZED, ULTRACOLD RB-85 ATOMS, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 74: 3764 (1995).","journal-title":"PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"131","year":"1995","unstructured":"Greytak, T. 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