{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:24:07Z","timestamp":1782447847920,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5274","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 1994 eruption of Rabaul, in Papua New Guinea, involved a small plinian eruption at Vulcan and a vulcanian eruption on the opposite side of the caldera at Tavurvur. Vulcan's ash leachates indicate seawater interaction that is consistent with earlier observations of low sulfur dioxide emissions and the presence of ice crystals in the initial plinian eruption cloud. In contrast, Tavurvur ash leachates indicate no seawater interaction, and later sulfur dioxide emissions remained high despite low-level eruptive activity. Silicic melt inclusions indicate that the andesitic melt contained about 2 weight percent water and negligible carbon dioxide. Mafic melt inclusions in Tavurvur ash have water and carbon dioxide contents that vary systematically over the course of the eruption. The mafic melt inclusions suggest that a mafic dike intruded from below the silicic chamber and provide further evidence that mafic intrusions drive caldera unrest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5274.490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]],"date-time":"2006-10-27T18:30:41Z","timestamp":1161973841000},"page":"490-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Volatiles from the 1994 Eruptions of Rabaul: Understanding Large Caldera Systems"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Kurt","family":"Roggensack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"K. Roggensack, S. N. Williams, S. J. Schaefer, Department of Geology, Box 871404, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley N.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. Roggensack, S. N. Williams, S. J. Schaefer, Department of Geology, Box 871404, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. Roggensack, S. N. Williams, S. J. Schaefer, Department of Geology, Box 871404, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Roderic A.","family":"Parnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. A. Parnell Jr., Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"794","article-title":"CO2 CONTENTS AND FORMATION PRESSURES OF SOME KILAUEAN MELT INCLUSIONS","volume":"78","author":"ANDERSON A.T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"ANDERSON A.T., CO2 CONTENTS AND FORMATION PRESSURES OF SOME KILAUEAN MELT INCLUSIONS, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 78, 794 (1993).","journal-title":"AMERICAN MINERALOGIST"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","author":"BLONG R","year":"1995","unstructured":"BLONG R, RABAUL ERUPTION 1994 (1995).","journal-title":"RABAUL ERUPTION 1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1515\/9781501509674-009","article-title":"DEVELOPMENT OF THE BURNHAM MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF H2O SOLUBILITY IN MAGMAS","volume":"30","author":"BURNHAM C.W.","year":"1994","unstructured":"BURNHAM C.W., DEVELOPMENT OF THE BURNHAM MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF H2O SOLUBILITY IN MAGMAS, VOLATILES IN MAGMAS 30, 123 (1994).","journal-title":"VOLATILES IN MAGMAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"1607","article-title":"An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid ocean ridge basaltic liquids .1. Calibration and solubility models","volume":"36","author":"DIXON J.E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"DIXON J.E., An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid ocean ridge basaltic liquids .1. Calibration and solubility models, JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY 36, 1607 (1995).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(89)90143-9","article-title":"HYDROGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BETWEEN COEXISTING VAPOR AND SILICATE-GLASSES AND MELTS AT LOW-PRESSURE","volume":"53","author":"DOBSON P.F.","year":"1989","unstructured":"DOBSON P.F., HYDROGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BETWEEN COEXISTING VAPOR AND SILICATE-GLASSES AND MELTS AT LOW-PRESSURE, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 53, 2723 (1989).","journal-title":"GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"160","article-title":"SEISMOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR LATERAL MAGMA INTRUSION DURING THE JULY 1978 DEFLATION OF THE KRAFLA VOLCANO IN NE ICELAND","volume":"47","author":"EINARSSON P","year":"1980","unstructured":"EINARSSON P, SEISMOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR LATERAL MAGMA INTRUSION DURING THE JULY 1978 DEFLATION OF THE KRAFLA VOLCANO IN NE ICELAND, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GEOPHYSIK 47, 160 (1980).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GEOPHYSIK"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(86)90078-6","article-title":"DISSOLVED CARBON-DIOXIDE IN BASALTIC GLASSES - CONCENTRATIONS AND SPECIATION","volume":"76","author":"FINE G","year":"1986","unstructured":"FINE G, DISSOLVED CARBON-DIOXIDE IN BASALTIC GLASSES - CONCENTRATIONS AND SPECIATION, EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 76, 263 (1986).","journal-title":"EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572157","article-title":"THE EVOLUTION OF YOUNG SILICIC LAVAS AT MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO, CALIFORNIA - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF COMPOSITIONAL GAPS IN CALC-ALKALINE SERIES LAVAS","volume":"92","author":"GROVE T.L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"GROVE T.L., THE EVOLUTION OF YOUNG SILICIC LAVAS AT MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO, CALIFORNIA - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF COMPOSITIONAL GAPS IN CALC-ALKALINE SERIES LAVAS, CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 92, 281 (1986).","journal-title":"CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1974)85<1253:GAPORC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"GEOLOGY AND PETROLOGY OF RABAUL CALDERA, PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA","volume":"85","author":"HEMING R.F.","year":"1974","unstructured":"HEMING R.F., GEOLOGY AND PETROLOGY OF RABAUL CALDERA, PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN 85, 1253 (1974).","journal-title":"GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1515\/9781501509674-012","article-title":"APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO C-O-H SPECIES IN NATURAL MELTS","volume":"30","author":"HOLLOWAY J.R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"HOLLOWAY J.R., APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO C-O-H SPECIES IN NATURAL MELTS, VOLATILES IN MAGMAS 30, 187 (1994).","journal-title":"VOLATILES IN MAGMAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1515\/9781501509674-008","article-title":"ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR VOLATILES IN GLASSES","volume":"30","author":"IHINGER P.D.","year":"1994","unstructured":"IHINGER P.D., ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR VOLATILES IN GLASSES, VOLATILES IN MAGMAS 30, 67 (1994).","journal-title":"VOLATILES IN MAGMAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1029\/95EO00115","volume":"76","author":"JOHNSON R.W.","year":"1995","unstructured":"JOHNSON R.W., EOS 76, 171 (1995).","journal-title":"EOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373086","article-title":"THE FERRIC-FERROUS RATIO OF NATURAL SILICATE LIQUIDS EQUILIBRATED IN AIR","volume":"83","author":"KILINC A","year":"1983","unstructured":"KILINC A, THE FERRIC-FERROUS RATIO OF NATURAL SILICATE LIQUIDS EQUILIBRATED IN AIR, CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 83, 136 (1983).","journal-title":"CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.12.050184.002005","article-title":"RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGMAS","volume":"12","author":"MCBIRNEY A.R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"MCBIRNEY A.R., RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGMAS, ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 12, 337 (1984).","journal-title":"ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73759-6_24","author":"MCKEE C","year":"1989","unstructured":"MCKEE C, IAVCEI P VOLCANOLOGY: 399 (1989).","journal-title":"IAVCEI P VOLCANOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"2","volume":"19","author":"MCKEE C.O.","year":"1994","unstructured":"MCKEE C.O., GLOBAL VOLCAN NET B 19, 2 (1994).","journal-title":"GLOBAL VOLCAN NET B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73759-6_25","author":"MORI J","year":"1989","unstructured":"MORI J, IAVCEI P VOLC: 429 (1989).","journal-title":"IAVCEI P VOLC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1029\/EO064i014p00130","volume":"64","author":"QUIMBYHUNT M.S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"QUIMBYHUNT M.S., EOS T AM GEOPHYS UN 64, 130 (1983).","journal-title":"EOS T AM GEOPHYS UN"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00371276","article-title":"OLIVINE-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM","volume":"29","author":"ROEDER P.L.","year":"1970","unstructured":"ROEDER P.L., OLIVINE-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM, CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 29, 275 (1970).","journal-title":"CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1977)5<621:SOVABA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"SCAVENGING OF VOLCANIC AEROSOL BY ASH - ATMOSPHERIC AND VOLCANOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS","volume":"5","author":"ROSE W.I.","year":"1977","unstructured":"ROSE W.I., SCAVENGING OF VOLCANIC AEROSOL BY ASH - ATMOSPHERIC AND VOLCANOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS, GEOLOGY 5, 621 (1977).","journal-title":"GEOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1029\/JB093iB05p04485","article-title":"DIRECT RATE MEASUREMENTS OF ERUPTION PLUMES AT AUGUSTINE VOLCANO - A PROBLEM OF SCALING AND UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES","volume":"93","author":"ROSE W.I.","year":"1988","unstructured":"ROSE W.I., DIRECT RATE MEASUREMENTS OF ERUPTION PLUMES AT AUGUSTINE VOLCANO - A PROBLEM OF SCALING AND UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 93, 4485 (1988).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/375477a0","article-title":"ICE IN THE 1994 RABAUL ERUPTION CLOUD - IMPLICATIONS FOR VOLCANO HAZARD AND ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS","volume":"375","author":"ROSE W.I.","year":"1995","unstructured":"ROSE W.I., ICE IN THE 1994 RABAUL ERUPTION CLOUD - IMPLICATIONS FOR VOLCANO HAZARD AND ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS, NATURE 375, 477 (1995).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400854493.265","author":"SPERA F.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"SPERA F.J., PHYSICS MAGMATIC PRO: 265 (1980).","journal-title":"PHYSICS MAGMATIC PRO"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","author":"SPROD I.E.","unstructured":"SPROD I.E., COMMUNICATION .","journal-title":"COMMUNICATION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(81)90023-8","article-title":"MT ST-HELENS - EVIDENCE OF INCREASED MAGMATIC GAS COMPONENT","volume":"11","author":"STOIBER R.E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"STOIBER R.E., MT ST-HELENS - EVIDENCE OF INCREASED MAGMATIC GAS COMPONENT, JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH 11, 203 (1981).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1973)84<1031:SMOAFA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"SOLUBLE MATERIAL ON ASH FROM ACTIVE CENTRAL-AMERICAN VOLCANOS","volume":"84","author":"TAYLOR P.S.","year":"1973","unstructured":"TAYLOR P.S., SOLUBLE MATERIAL ON ASH FROM ACTIVE CENTRAL-AMERICAN VOLCANOS, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN 84, 1031 (1973).","journal-title":"GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/377612a0","article-title":"QUANTIFICATION OF PRE-ERUPTIVE EXSOLVED GAS CONTENTS IN SILICIC MAGMAS","volume":"377","author":"WALLACE P.J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"WALLACE P.J., QUANTIFICATION OF PRE-ERUPTIVE EXSOLVED GAS CONTENTS IN SILICIC MAGMAS, NATURE 377, 612 (1995).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(95)00034-8","article-title":"Petrology of the Rabaul Caldera area, Papua New Guinea","volume":"69","author":"WOOD C.P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"WOOD C.P., Petrology of the Rabaul Caldera area, Papua New Guinea, JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH 69, 285 (1995).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.273.5274.490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T04:17:20Z","timestamp":1705119440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.273.5274.490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5274","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.273.5274.490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.273.5274.490","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,26]]}}}