{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:15:39Z","timestamp":1791112539732,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5320","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The source of increasing viremia that characterizes the latter stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has remained a paradox because it occurs at a time when lymphoid tissue is quantitatively and qualitatively impaired, and the patients' CD4 T lymphocytes are steadily declining. Here, macrophages, both infected and uninfected with common opportunistic pathogens of HIV disease such as\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n            complex and\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            , were identified as highly productive sources of HIV in coinfected lymph nodes. These observations indicate that tissue macrophages are not only infected with HIV, but that common pathogens of HIV disease can dramatically increase their production of virus. Thus, prevention or successful treatment of opportunistic coinfections, or both, potentially benefits the patient twofold by limiting the pathology caused by opportunistic infection and by controlling induction of HIV replication.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5320.1857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:50:55Z","timestamp":1027763455000},"page":"1857-1861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":420,"title":["Macrophages as a Source of HIV During Opportunistic Infections"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Jan M.","family":"Orenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"J. M. Orenstein, Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA."},{"name":"C. Fox, Molecular Histology Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA."},{"name":"S. M. Wahl, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecil","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. M. Orenstein, Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA."},{"name":"C. Fox, Molecular Histology Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA."},{"name":"S. M. Wahl, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. M. Orenstein, Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA."},{"name":"C. Fox, Molecular Histology Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA."},{"name":"S. M. Wahl, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06231-9","volume":"348","author":"Feinberg M. B.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Feinberg M. B., Lancet 348, 239 (1996);","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8235617"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.1.68","volume":"171","author":"Ghassemi M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ghassemi M., et al., J. Infect. Dis. 171, 68 (1995);","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.2.401","volume":"174","author":"Donovan R. M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Donovan R. M., Bush C. E., Markowitz N. P., Baxa D., Saravolatz L. D., J. Infect. Dis. 174, 401 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/362359a0","volume":"362","author":"Embretson J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Embretson J., et al., Nature 362, 359 (1993);","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1994.tb00867.x","volume":"140","author":"Pantaleo G.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pantaleo G., et al., Immunol. Rev. 140, 104 (1994).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.6.1051","volume":"164","author":"Fox C. H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fox C. H., et al., J. Infect. Dis. 164, 1051 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. M. Wahl J. M. Orenstein P. D. Smith Immunology of HIV Infection S. Gupta Ed. (Plenum New York 1996) pp. 303\u2013336.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0191-0_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Lymphoid tissues were obtained with informed consent from a subject with Factor VIII\u2013deficient hemophilia who had been treated with whole blood and non\u2013heat-treated Factor VIII and was diagnosed as HIV-1\u2013positive at age 30. He developed pentamidine-induced diabetes mellitus while a subject of a study comparing azidothymidine (AZT) versus dideoxyinosine and pentamidine and disseminated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed at age 34. The lymph node tissue was obtained during biospy of a nasopharyngeal mass and enlarged left cervical and jugular lymph nodes 2 years before death. Tissues were processed for light and electron microscopy."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Mesenteric and peripancreatic lymph nodes and spleen were removed with informed consent from an HIV-1\u2013positive (diagnosed 5 years earlier) 32-year-old male bisexual on AZT with a CD4 T cell count of 2 hepatosplenomegaly and MAC infection. Lymph nodes and spleen were heavily involved with MAC and were removed 6 months before death. No additional organisms were identified. Samples of the MAC-infected lymph nodes were paraffin embedded and unavailable for TEM."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"J. M. Orenstein et al. data not shown."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117924","volume":"95","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zhang Y., Nakata K., Weiden M., Rom W. N., J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2324 (1995);","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91817-6","volume":"342","author":"Pape J. W.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pape J. W., Jean S. S., Ho J. L., Hafner A., Johnson W. D., Lancet 342, 268 (1993);","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_4","unstructured":"; E. R. Cooper B. Damon D. Reinke A. Caliendo S. I. Pelton in 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Washington DC 22 to 26 January 1997 p. 185; C. Whalen et al. AIDS (London) 11 455 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382722a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_3","first-page":"661","volume":"381","author":"Deng H. K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Deng H. K., et al., ibid. 381, 661 (1996);","journal-title":"ibid."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_4","unstructured":"; T. Dragic et al. ibid. p. 667; G. Alkhatib et al. Science 272 1955 (1996);"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81314-8","volume":"85","author":"Doranz B.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Doranz B., et al., Cell 85, 1149 (1996);","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_6","unstructured":"; H. Choe et al. ibid. p. 1135."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"We thank C. Rehm S. Hoover C. Dye III and S. Honig for technical assistance and K. Angelis for manuscript preparation. Supported in part by NIDR contract DE12585 (J.M.O.)."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.276.5320.1857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T06:10:24Z","timestamp":1705126224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.276.5320.1857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5320","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.276.5320.1857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.276.5320.1857","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,20]]}}}