{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:45:52Z","timestamp":1791920752733,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5336","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Five absorption features are reported at wavelengths of 3.4, 3.88, 4.05, 4.25, and 4.57 micrometers in the surface materials of the Galilean satellites Callisto and Ganymede from analysis of reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo mission near-infrared mapping spectrometer. Candidate materials include CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , organic materials (such as tholins containing C\u2261N and C-H), SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and compounds containing an SH-functional group; CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and perhaps cyanogen [(CN)\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] may be present within the surface material itself as collections of a few molecules each. The spectra indicate that the primary surface constituents are water ice and hydrated minerals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5336.271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:37:20Z","timestamp":1027748240000},"page":"271-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Organics and Other Molecules in the Surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"T. B.","family":"McCord","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, C. A. Hibbitts, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, W. D. Smythe, M. Segura, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"R. N. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225\u20130046, USA."},{"name":"J. C. Granahan, Science and Technology International, Incorporated, Honolulu, HI 56813, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. W.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, C. A. Hibbitts, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, W. D. Smythe, M. Segura, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"R. N. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225\u20130046, USA."},{"name":"J. C. Granahan, Science and Technology International, Incorporated, Honolulu, HI 56813, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. D.","family":"Smythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, C. A. Hibbitts, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, W. D. Smythe, M. Segura, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"R. N. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225\u20130046, USA."},{"name":"J. C. Granahan, Science and Technology International, Incorporated, Honolulu, HI 56813, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. B.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, C. A. Hibbitts, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, W. D. Smythe, M. Segura, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"R. N. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225\u20130046, USA."},{"name":"J. C. 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Martin, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, W. D. Smythe, M. Segura, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"R. N. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225\u20130046, USA."},{"name":"J. C. Granahan, Science and Technology International, Incorporated, Honolulu, HI 56813, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. P.","family":"Fanale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, C. A. Hibbitts, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, W. D. Smythe, M. Segura, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"R. N. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225\u20130046, USA."},{"name":"J. C. 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D.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anderson J. D., Lau E. L., Sjogren W. L., Schubert G., Moore W. B., Nature 384, 541 (1996);","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"; ibid. 387 264 (1997); Science 276 1236 (1997).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"361","volume":"1","author":"Watson K.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Watson K., Murray B. C., Brown H., Icarus 1, 361 (1963).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. W. Carlson P. R. Weissman W. D. Smythe J. C. Mahoney the NIMS Science and Engineering Team Space Sci. Rev. 60 457 (1992).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2512-3_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Early results of the entire NIMS investigation (satellites and Jupiter) were reported previously by"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5286.385","volume":"274","author":"Carlson R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carlson R., et al., Science 274, 385 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_6_2.1","unstructured":"Early results for Callisto and Ganymede were reported by T. B. McCord et al. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 28 1138 (abstr.) (1996)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_6_2.2","unstructured":"T. B. McCord et al. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 77 F445 (abstr.) (1996)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_6_2.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. B. McCord et al. ibid. 78 S2O2 (abstr.) (1997).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571015.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/00018735800101227","volume":"7","author":"Ockman N.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ockman N., Adv. Phys. 7, 199 (1958);","journal-title":"Adv. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(68)90083-3","volume":"8","author":"Irvine W. M.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Irvine W. M., Pollack J. B., Icarus 8, 324 (1968);","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"; P. V. Hobbs Ice Physics (Clarendon Oxford 1974); S. G. Warren Appl. Opt. 23 1206 (1984).","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.001206"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(75)90058-5","volume":"24","author":"Fink U.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fink U., Larson H. P., Icarus 24, 411 (1975).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4065.1087"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L155","DOI":"10.1086\/181139","volume":"179","author":"Fink U.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fink U., Dekkers N. H., Larson H. P., Astrophys. J. 179, L155 (1973);","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(78)90110-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_5","unstructured":"; G. T. Sill and R. N. Clark in Satellites of Jupiter D. Morrison Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 1982) pp. 174\u2013212; R. N. Clark F. P. Fanale M. J. Gaffey in Satellites J. Burns and M. S. Matthews Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 1986) pp. 437\u2013491;"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(90)90225-X","volume":"86","author":"Roush T. L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Roush T. L., Pollack J. 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D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"McDonald G. D., Khare B. N., Thompson W. R., Sagan C., Icarus 94, 354 (1991).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"At 150 K cyanogen is a solid with a vapor pressure <0.1 mbar almost identical to the behavior of SO 2 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(88)90069-3","volume":"76","author":"Sandford S. A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sandford S. A., Allamandola L. J., Icarus 76, 201 (1988).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16385","DOI":"10.1029\/97JE01250","volume":"102","author":"Delitsky M. L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Delitsky M. L., Lane A. L., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16385 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"N -Butyl sulfonal chloride ( n -C 4 H 9 SO 2 Cl) and N -nitroso piperidine (C 5 H 10 N 2 O). Spectra are from (10)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/280766a0","volume":"280","author":"Smythe W. D.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Smythe W. D., Nelson R. M., Nash D. B., Nature 280, 766 (1979).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"F. P. Fanale R. H. Brown D. P. Cruikshank R. N. Clark ibid. p. 761."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00876","volume":"24","author":"Noll K. S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Noll K. S., Johnson R. E., McGrath M. A., Caldwell J. J., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1139 (1997).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"J. L. Bishop C. M. Pieters T. Hiroi Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 32 A14 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. G. Warren Appl. Opt. 25 2650 (1986).","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.25.002650"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1063\/1.452307","volume":"86","author":"Falk M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Falk M., J. Chem. Phys. 86, 560 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","unstructured":"We acknowledge the use of the forthcoming U.S. Geological Survey 0.2-150 \u03bcm spectral library to be released by R.N.C. We thank D. Cruikshank for providing his published tholin spectra in digital form and D. Stevenson J. Lunine and many other colleagues for helpful discussions."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.278.5336.271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T23:46:56Z","timestamp":1705103216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.278.5336.271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5336","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.278.5336.271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.278.5336.271","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,10]]}}}