{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:22:12Z","timestamp":1777458132034,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5337","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The fate of ventral epidermal cells differs among nematode species. Nonvulval cells fuse with the epidermis in\n            <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n            , whereas the homologous cells undergo apoptosis in\n            <jats:italic>Pristionchus pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n            . The homeotic gene\n            <jats:italic>lin-39<\/jats:italic>\n            is involved in the regulation of these epidermal cell fates. In\n            <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>lin-39<\/jats:italic>\n            prevents cell fusion of potential vulval cells and specifies the vulva equivalence group.\n            <jats:italic>Pristionchus<\/jats:italic>\n            vulvaless mutants that displayed apoptosis of the vulval precursor cells were isolated, and point mutations in\n            <jats:italic>lin-39<\/jats:italic>\n            were identified. Thus, the evolution of these epidermal cell fates is driven by different intrinsic properties of homologous cells.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5337.452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:44:47Z","timestamp":1027763087000},"page":"452-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The Homeotic Gene\n            <i>lin-39<\/i>\n            and the Evolution of Nematode Epidermal Cell Fates"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Eizinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut fu\u0308r Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Zellbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tu\u0308bingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf J.","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut fu\u0308r Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Zellbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tu\u0308bingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(77)90158-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00421-9","volume":"6","author":"Sommer R. J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sommer R. J., Sternberg P. W., Curr. Biol. 6, 52 (1996).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.1.243","volume":"124","author":"Sommer R. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sommer R. J., Development 124, 243 (1997);","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"; Bioessays 19 225 (1997).","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950190308"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"We would argue that the fusion of nonvulval cells that is seen in Caenorhabditis is ancestral as this cell fate is observed in species of many different families. In particular Strongyloides ratti a species of the order Strongylida that can be considered as an outgroup for both Caenorhabditis and Pristionchus [V. V. Malakhov Nematodes (Smithsonian Institution Press Washington DC 1994)] displays fusion of nonvulval epidermal cells (R. J. Sommer unpublished observation)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90292-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_3","unstructured":"; S. G. Clark A. D. Chisholm H. R. Horvitz ibid. p. 43; S. J. Salser"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.7.9.1714","volume":"7","author":"Loer C. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Loer C. M., Kenyon C., Genes Dev. 7, 1714 (1993);","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.8471","volume":"182","author":"Clandinin T. R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clandinin T. R., Katz W. S., Sternberg P. W., Dev. Biol. 182, 150 (1997).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Ppa-lin-39 was cloned by PCR using degenerate primers in the homeodomain. The primers were 5\u2032-CGTCAGMGTACTGCNTAYAC-3\u2032 and 5\u2032-CATGCKACKRTTYTGRAACCA-3\u2032."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Mutagenesis screens were carried out as described (2)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Hermaphrodites of the fifth mutant sy319 never form ventral protrusions or vulvae and thus cannot be mated."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"First genetic characterization of these mutants indicates that they belong to several genes. None of the mutants is linked to Ppa-dpy-1 (C. Weise and R. J. Sommer unpublished observation)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"DNA was isolated from two independent batches of mutant animals amplified by three independent PCR reactions and sequenced in both directions. Although the mutant sy319 cannot be tested genetically the molecular analysis suggests that the mutant is an allele of Ppa-lin-39. The molecular lesion introduces a stop codon into the hexapeptide removing the complete homeodomain. The strong vulvaless phenotype of sy319 mutant animals is consistent with the more severe molecular truncation in comparison to the three other alleles (Figs. 3 and 4; Table 1). However we cannot rule out that a second background mutation is involved in generating the strong vulvaless phenotype of sy319 mutant animals."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"138","volume":"26","author":"Bird D. M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bird D. M., Riddle D. L., J. Nematol. 26, 138 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"The three alleles tu2 tu29 and sy374 were all marked with the linked recessive visible mutation Ppa-dpy-1. Crossed progeny from a mating of such marked vulvaless homozygous hermaphrodites with wild-type males are wild type for the visible marker (being Ppa-dpy-1 \/+) and wild type for the vulva phenotype scored under Nomarski optics (10\/10 for each allele). Such heterozygous hermaphrodites segregated one-quarter vulvaless animals all of which are also homozygous mutant for the visible marker. Segregants that are wild type for the visible marker are also wild type for the vulva phenotype scored under Nomarski optics (25\/25 for each allele)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(19960101)60:1<4::AID-JCB2>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"60","author":"Yuan J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yuan J., J. Cell. Biochem. 60, 4 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"K.-Z. Lee and R. J. Sommer unpublished observation."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A Ala; C Cys; D Asp; E Glu; F Phe; G Gly; H His; I Ile; K Lys; L Leu; M Met; N Asn; P Pro; Q Gln; R Arg; S Ser; T Thr; V Val; W Trp; and Y Tyr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"We thank C. Kenyon and C. Hunter for a Caenorhabditis lin-39 cDNA clone used in the original hybridization experiments; D. Gilmour S. Jesuthasan T. Nicolson and S. Roth for critical reading of the manuscript; and members of the laboratory for discussion. R.J.S. is a Young investigator with the Max-Planck Society."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.278.5337.452","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T05:25:14Z","timestamp":1705123514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.278.5337.452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,17]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5337","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.278.5337.452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.278.5337.452","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,17]]}}}