{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:49:06Z","timestamp":1791157746346,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5347","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Positron emission tomography was used to measure cerebral activity and to evaluate regional interrelationships within visual cortices and their projections during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in human subjects. REM sleep was associated with selective activation of extrastriate visual cortices, particularly within the ventral processing stream, and an unexpected attenuation of activity in the primary visual cortex; increases in regional cerebral blood flow in extrastriate areas were significantly correlated with decreases in the striate cortex. Extrastriate activity was also associated with concomitant activation of limbic and paralimbic regions, but with a marked reduction of activity in frontal association areas including lateral orbital and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. This pattern suggests a model for brain mechanisms subserving REM sleep where visual association cortices and their paralimbic projections may operate as a closed system dissociated from the regions at either end of the visual hierarchy that mediate interactions with the external world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5347.91","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:49:42Z","timestamp":1027763382000},"page":"91-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Dissociated Pattern of Activity in Visual Cortices and Their Projections During Human Rapid Eye Movement Sleep"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Allen R.","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Balkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Wesensten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuad","family":"Gwadry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Belenky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Herscovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. R. Braun, F. Gwadry, M. Varga, Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"name":"T. J. Balkin, N. J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA."},{"name":"R. E. Carson, P. Baldwin, P. Herscovitch, PET Imaging Section, Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C401, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.118.3062.273"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048189","volume":"53","author":"Dement W.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Dement W., Kleitman N., J. Exp. Psychol. 53, 339 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Some studies suggest that activation of only the higher levels of the visual processing hierarchy is sufficient to evoke and sustain visual imagery ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.1.79","volume":"5","author":"Roland P. E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roland P. E., Gulyas B., Cereb. Cortex 5, 79 (1995)].","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Others ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/378496a0","volume":"378","author":"Kosslyn S. M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kosslyn S. M., Thompson W. L., Kim I. J., Alpert N. M., Nature 378, 496 (1995);","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_4","unstructured":"] indicate that contribution of the primary visual processing areas\u2014possibly activated through reentrant pathways ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_6","unstructured":"]\u2014is also required."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. A. Hobson The Dreaming Brain (Basic Books New York 1988).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-6771-8_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Informed consent was obtained from 10 healthy male volunteers (23.6 \u00b1 1.7 years of age mean \u00b1\u2009SD; range 22 to 27 years). Eight subjects were right-handed and two were left-handed."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"There were 8 hours of sleep with selective REM deprivation on day 1; 2 hours of sleep with REM deprivation on day 2; and 15.5 to 23.5 hours of continuous wakefulness (22.2 \u00b1 2.4 hours mean \u00b1 SD) on day 3. Subjects were monitored polysomnographically throughout this period to verify the absence of sleep and facilitate selective REM deprivation."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"PET scans were performed on a Scanditronix PC2048-15B tomograph (Uppsala Sweden) which acquires 15 contiguous planes. A transmission scan was performed for attenuation correction."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"A. Rechtschaffen and A. E Kales A Manual of Standardized Terminology Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects (Government Printing Office Washington DC 1968). During all scans subjects' eyes were closed and occluded by eye patches and ambient noise was kept to an absolute minimum. When a target stage was identified 30 mCi of H 2 15 O were injected and scans were initiated automatically. For inclusion in these analyses a sleep stage had to be uniformly maintained (free of arousals and stage shifts) from 40 s before to 40 s after scan initiation. It was necessary to use partial sleep-deprivation methods to help ensure that subjects would sleep in the scanner. Such procedures however may affect sleep architecture (that is the relative amounts and timing of the various stages within the sleep period). To evaluate these potential effects we compared our subjects' sleep architecture with published normative data [R. L. Williams I. Karacan C. J. Hursch Electroencephalography (EEG) of Human Sleep: Clinical Applications (Wiley New York 1974)]. Except for increased SWS time during the first third of the sleep period (an expected consequence of the deprivation procedure) we found no qualitative or quantitative abnormalities in the sleep architecture of our subjects. Furthermore the scans selected for analysis were in each instance associated with sleep samples that conformed explicitly and unambiguously to the standard scoring criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales throughout the period of data acquisition. Therefore although sleep deprivation may have affected duration and timing of sleep stages the procedure produced no observable effects on the physiological characteristics of the sleep stages themselves (that is at the level of analysis most critical to this study)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"PET scans were registered and normalized to a common stereotaxic space [J. Talairach and P. Tournoux Co-planar Stereotactic Atlas of the Human Brain (Thieme New York 1988)] and stage-dependent differences in normalized rCBF were analyzed with SPM software ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_4","unstructured":"] with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) correction for global blood flow. In addition tests of significance based on the size of the activated region ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460010306","volume":"1","author":"Friston K. J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Friston K. J., Worsley K. J., Frackowiak R. S. J., Mazziotta J. C., Evans A. C., Hum. Brain Mapp. 1, 210 (1994);","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_6","unstructured":"] were performed; a Z -threshold of 2.33 and a value of W = 2.73 derived from a null contrast carried out in the same set of individuals were used. Absolute rCBF rates were also calculated by using a measured arterial input function and P co 2 values. Of the 10 subjects in whom REM sleep scans were acquired 7 had SWS scans and 7 had waking postsleep studies. Stage contrasts were performed in a repeated measures design; thus N = 7 for both REM-waking and REM-SWS contrasts. To evaluate hemispheral effects differences in normalized rCBF for each contrast were compared between homologous pixels in right and left hemispheres by using a voxel-wise error variance; differences exceeding a Z -threshold of 3.09 were considered significant."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"The frequency of rapid conjugate eye movements identified as positive or negative deflections on the electrooculogram (EOG) during the 180 s after the start of the scan were computed. Normalized rCBF images were correlated with each subject's REM counts on a pixel-by-pixel basis ( N =10 for these analyses) (Fig. 1C). Correlation coefficients were thresholded at a level of 0.6 ( P < 0.05 n = 10) for tabulation (Table 1)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Coordinates for 20 visual cortical areas in each hemisphere (7 striate 6 lateral occipital 7 fusiform\/inferotemporal) were selected by using the Talairach atlas adjusted with the SPM PET template and used to extract rCBF values from the stereotaxically normalized PET images. These values were normalized by using mean CBF rates for the visual cortex as a whole; rCBF values in homologous regions of right and left hemispheres were averaged and used to generate difference matrices (REM-SWS and REM-wake; N = 7); a principal component analysis was then applied . Significance of the extracted component vector was assessed by using permutation tests [B. F. J. Manly Randomization and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology (Chapman & Hall New York 1990)] by randomly permuting the sign of data entries 19 times; P values were derived by determining the proportion of permuted trials with higher first eigenvalues than the original data. Stability of regional loadings was assessed by the bootstrap procedure [B. Efron SIAM Monogr. 38-I (1982)]. Fit values of the original loadings across 10 000 bootstrap samples expressed as Z -scores were calculated; absolute values > 2.4 were considered stable."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Cluster 1 left hemisphere: 8688 mm 3 ; P\u2032 ( n max > k ) corrected = 7.90 \u00d7 10 \u22124 ; centered x = \u22124.9 y = \u221267.9 z = \u22125.3; cluster 2 right hemisphere: 21056 mm 3 ; P\u2032 ( n max > k ) corrected = 2.14 \u00d7 10 \u22127 ; centered x = 21.9 y = \u221251.8 z = \u22126.8."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(94)90059-0","volume":"17","author":"Kosslyn S. M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kosslyn S. M., Ochsner K. N., Trends Neurosci. 17, 290 (1994).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/070674376300800612","volume":"8","author":"Rechtschaffen A.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Rechtschaffen A., Verdone P., Wheaton J., Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J. 8, 409 (1963).","journal-title":"Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"17427 mm 3 ; P \u2032 ( n max > k ) corrected = 1.90 \u00d7 10 \u22126 ; centered x = 2.8 y = \u221283.0 z = 0.4."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Absolute P co 2 corrected flow rates were consistently lower during REM sleep than during SWS throughout the striate cortex [\u0394rCBF = \u22126.40 \u00b1 5.9 ml\/100 g\/min (mean \u00b1 SD) x = 4 y = \u221282 z = 0] and absolute rCBF rates were consistently elevated in extrastriate regions (in the fusiform cortex \u0394rCBF = +8.85 \u00b1 2.79 ml\/100 g\/min x = \u221234 y = \u221256 z = \u22128) although variances in absolute values were large."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"58320 mm 3 ; P \u2032 ( n max > k ) corrected = 3.55E \u221215; centered x = \u22123.9 y = 0.3 z = 1.2."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"192","volume":"99","author":"Chavis D. A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Chavis D. A., Pandya D. N., Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 99, 192 (1974);","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903500402","volume":"350","author":"Suzuki W. A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Suzuki W. A., Amaral D. G., J. Comp. Neurol. 350, 497 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"The frontal eye fields (superior dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortices) were incompletely sampled in many subjects and are not included in this analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"The bootstrapping procedures indicated that most regional loadings were stable. In the REM-SWS contrast all the fusiform-inferotemporal regions\u2014but none of the lateral occipital regions\u2014were associated with Z -scores exceeding threshold (local maximum = 5.44 x = \u00b148 y = \u221262 z = 0). In the REM-wake contrast six of the seven fusiform-inferotemporal regions (maximum 4.18 x = \u00b148 y = \u221262 z = 4) and four of the six lateral occipital regions (maximum 3.58 x = \u00b132 y = \u221286 z = 0) were stable; in the latter case all were located in ventral rather than dorsal portions of the lateral occipital cortex ( z \u2264 8 mm). In the REM-SWS contrast five of the seven striate loadings were stable (local minimum = \u22123.79 x = \u00b14 y = \u221282 z = 0) and in the REM-wake contrast six of seven loadings were stable (minimum = \u22129.89 x = \u00b14 y = \u221282 z = 0)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-03-00641.1991","volume":"11","author":"Zeki S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zeki S., et al., J. Neurosci. 11, 641 (1991);","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/3.2.79","volume":"3","author":"Watson D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Watson D., et al., Cereb. Cortex 3, 79 (1993);","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6336","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-11-06336.1994","volume":"14","author":"Haxby J. V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haxby J. V., et al., J. Neurosci. 14, 6336 (1994);","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7754376"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"These results could reflect the central effects of saccadic eye movements per se. Voluntary saccades during wakefulness previously have been found to be associated with reductions in visual CBF ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.5.2179","volume":"74","author":"Paus T.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Paus T., Marrett S., Worsley K. J., Evans A. C., J. Neurophysiol. 74, 2179 (1995);","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_4","unstructured":"]. However saccades in that study were continuous and rapid (40 to 140 in 60 s) but were intermittent and lower in frequency in our own study [0 to 11 in 60 s (5.5 \u00b1 4.0 mean \u00b1 SD]. Furthermore reductions in rCBF were more widely distributed throughout the visual cortex and no positive correlations between extrastriate activity and saccadic eye movements were observed which suggests that the striate-extrastriate dissociation evident in this study may be a unique characteristic of REM sleep."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90719-9","volume":"274","author":"McCarley R. W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"McCarley R. W., Winkelman J. W., Duffy F. H., Brain Res. 274, 359 (1983);","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00711551","volume":"7","author":"Callaway C. W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Callaway C. W., Lydic R., Baghdoyan H. A., Hobson J. A., Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 7, 105 (1987).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"The effects of the PGO wave generator on the occipital cortex do not appear to be mediated through the lateral geniculate nucleus ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(69)90202-9","volume":"14","author":"Hobson J. A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hobson J. A., Alexander J., Frederickson C. J., Brain Res. 14, 607 (1969);","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_4","unstructured":"] and therefore are not expected to be exclusively associated with striate projections. Early studies also demonstrated that PGO wave amplitudes in the lateral association areas of the cat visual cortex exceed those in primary visual cortices ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(68)90152-0","volume":"22","author":"Brooks D. C.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Brooks D. C., Exp. Neurol. 22, 603 (1968);","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_6","unstructured":"] and single unit studies have shown that the facilitatory effects of PGO waves on neuronal firing rates appear to be manifest in extrastriate but not in striate cortices ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90298-9","volume":"55","author":"Kasamatsu T.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kasamatsu T., Adey W. R., Brain Res. 55, 323 (1973)].","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196505000-00005","volume":"140","author":"Goodenough D. R.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Goodenough D. R., Lewis H. B., Shapiro A., Sleser I., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 140, 365 (1965);","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1965.20.3c.1253","volume":"20","author":"Verdone P.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Verdone P., Percept. Mot. Skills 20, 1253 (1965);","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3741.1282","volume":"153","author":"Pivik T.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Pivik T., Foulkes D., Science 153, 1282 (1966);","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040031","volume":"55","author":"Dement W.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Dement W., Wolpert E. A., J. Exp. Psychol. 55, 543 (1958);","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_6","unstructured":". See also (2 14)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"This appears to be consistent with the finding of Roland and Gulyas (3). However our results may not be directly comparable with studies of conscious visual imagery; task-elicited activation of the primary visual cortex seen by Kosslyn et al. (4) might be a special feature of conscious visual imagery or retrieval processes that occur during the waking state."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"P. Maquet et al. [ Nature 383 163 (1996)] did not list rCBF changes in visual cortices; however they compared REM sleep with an amalgam of wake and non-REM stages whereas our contrasts were stage specific (for example REM-SWS) and may be more sensitive."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"P. L. Madsen et al. [ J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11 502 (1991)] reported REM-associated increases in rCBF in visual association cortices; functional relationships between activity in striate and extrastriate cortices were not evaluated."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"C. C. Hong et al. [ Sleep 18 570 (1995)] reported a positive correlation between REM density and glucose metabolic rates in lateral occipital cortex but results for primary visual cortex were not reported."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"S. Zeki A Vision of the Brain (Blackwell Oxford 1993). See also (3 4)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"A pattern of extrastriate activity in the absence of striate function also characterizes clinical states associated with unusual and often bizarre perturbations of visual awareness such as blindsight ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.13.6122","volume":"92","author":"Weiskrantz L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weiskrantz L., Barbur J. L., Sahraie A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 6122 (1995);","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_4","unstructured":"] and confabulatory denial of blindness ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00070-J","volume":"33","author":"Goldenberg G.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goldenberg G., Mullbacher W., Nowak A., Neuropsychologia 33, 1373 (1995);","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_6","unstructured":"]. The features of both syndromes suggest that synchronous activation of primary and extrastriate cortices may be essential for \u201cnormal\u201d visual awareness. That such coherence appears to be breached during REM sleep is not inconsistent with the altered awareness that characterizes this sleep stage."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","unstructured":"Decreases in activity in the prefrontal cortex during REM sleep have been noted previously by Madsen et al. (29) and by Maquet et al. (28). On the other hand Hong et al. (30) reported positive correlations between REM density and absolute glucose metabolic rates in the (right) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; however this measure which reflects physiological responses over a longer time period may not be directly comparable with normalized rCBF values evaluated in this study."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/1.1.97","volume":"1","author":"Rechtschaffen A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rechtschaffen A., Sleep 1, 97 (1978);","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-9327(96)10012-0","volume":"20","author":"Hobson J. A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hobson J. A., Endeavour 20, 86 (1996).","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","unstructured":"The authors wish to thank Dr. Alex Martin for his expertise insight and critical suggestions which were essential in the preparation of this manuscript and Dr. Scott Selbie for his valuable help in preparing Fig. 1."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.279.5347.91","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T04:53:20Z","timestamp":1705121600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.279.5347.91"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5347","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.279.5347.91"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.279.5347.91","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,2]]}}}