{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:45:48Z","timestamp":1791920748607,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5367","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reflectance spectra in the 1- to 2.5-micrometer wavelength region of the surface of Europa obtained by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer exhibit distorted water absorption bands that indicate the presence of hydrated minerals. The laboratory spectra of hydrated salt minerals such as magnesium sulfates and sodium carbonates and mixtures of these minerals provide a close match to the Europa spectra. The distorted bands are only observed in the optically darker areas of Europa, including the lineaments, and may represent evaporite deposits formed by water, rich in dissolved salts, reaching the surface from a water-rich layer underlying an ice crust.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5367.1242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:37:20Z","timestamp":1027748240000},"page":"1242-1245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":368,"title":["Salts on Europa's Surface Detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"T. B.","family":"McCord","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, C. A. Hibbitts, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, W. D. Smythe, A. Ocampo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"J. K. Crowley, U.S. Geological Survey, MS954, Reston, VA 20192, USA."},{"name":"J. C. Granahan, STI Inc., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. B.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, C. A. Hibbitts, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA."},{"name":"R. W. Carlson, D. L. Matson, T. V. Johnson, W. D. Smythe, A. Ocampo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."},{"name":"J. K. Crowley, U.S. Geological Survey, MS954, Reston, VA 20192, USA."},{"name":"J. C. Granahan, STI Inc., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. P.","family":"Fanale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. B. McCord, G. B. Hansen, F. P. Fanale, P. D. Martin, C. A. 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(1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4065.1087"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"1236","volume":"276","author":"Anderson J. D.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anderson J. D., Lau E. L., Sjogren W. L., Schubert G., Moore W. B., ibid276, 1236 (1997).","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/34857"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/301225a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1029\/98JE00788","volume":"103","author":"McCord T. B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"T. B. McCord, et al., Science 278, 271 (1997); T. B. McCord et al.,Eos (Spring Suppl.) 78, S202 (abstr.) (1997); McCord T. B., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 8603 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(83)90037-4","volume":"56","author":"Reynolds R. T.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Reynolds R. T., Squires S. W., Colburn D. S., McKay C. P., Icarus56, 246 (1983).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5789","DOI":"10.1029\/JB088iB07p05789","volume":"88","author":"Johnson T. V.","year":"1983","unstructured":"The main water-ice absorptions were reported at 3.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.25, and 1.04 \u03bcm. For example, G. P. Kuiper, in The Solar System, 3, Planets and Satellites, G. P. Kuiper and B. M. Middlehurst, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1961), pp. 305\u2013306; V. I. Moroz, Trans. Soviet. Astron. A. J. 9, 999 (1965); T. V. Johnson, T. B. McCord, Astrophys. J. 169, 589 (1971); H. H. Kieffer, W. D. Smythe, Icarus 21, 506 (1974); J. B. Pollack, et al., ibid 36, 271 (1978); R. N. Clark, ibid. 44, 388 (1980);J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3087 (1981); Icarus49, 244 (1982); Johnson T. V., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 88, 5789 (1983). . See W. M. Calvin, R. N. Clark, R. H. Brown, and J. R. Spencer [J. Geophys. Res. 100, 19041 (1995)] for the most recently reported data and a review.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"423","volume":"75","author":"Johnson R. E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"A. L. Lane, R. M. Nelson, D. L. Matson, Nature 292, 38 (1981); R. M. Nelson, et al., Icarus 72, 358 (1986); Johnson R. E., Nelson M. L., McCord T. B., Gradie J. C., ibid 75, 423 (1988); M. K. Pospieszalska and R. E. Johnson, ibid. 78, 1 (1989); N. J. Sack, R. E. Johnson, J. W. Boring, R. A. Baragiola,ibid. 100, 534 (1992).","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19057","DOI":"10.1029\/94JE03294","volume":"100","author":"Noll K. F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Noll K. F., Weaver A., Gonnella A. M., J. Geophys. Res.100, 19057 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"The Galileo NIMS began spectrometric observations of the Galilean satellites in June 1996. The NIMS covers the wavelength (\u03bb)range 0.7 to 5.2 \u03bcm with up to 408 spectral channels and a resolving power of 40 to 200 (\u03bb\/\u0394\u03bb). The instrument's instantaneous field of view is 0.5 mrad giving a spatial resolution (pixel size) of for example 5 km at 10 000-km distance. The spectra are calibrated to units of reflectance at the specific geometry of the observation compared with the reflectance of a perfectly diffusing (Lambert) surface with the use of the solar spectrum and a combination of ground and in-flight NIMS measurements of calibration targets. See R. W. Carlson P. R. Weissman W. D. Smythe J. C. Mahoney and the NIMS Science and Engineering Team [ Space Sci. Rev. 60 457 (1992)] for a description of the NIMS instrument."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5286.385","volume":"274","author":"Carlson R. W.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carlson R. W., et al., Science274, 385 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(68)90083-3","volume":"8","author":"Irvine W. M.","year":"1968","unstructured":"N. Ockman, Adv. Phys. 7, 199 (1958); Irvine W. M., Pollack J. B., Icarus 8, 324 (1968); P. V. Hobbs, Ice Physics (Clarendon, Oxford, UK, 1974); S. G. Warren, Appl. Opt.23, 1206 (1984).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"For example G. R. Hunt J. W. Salisbury C. J. Lenhoff Mod. Geol. 3 1 (1971); ibid. 4 85 (1973)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16231","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB01714","volume":"96","author":"Crowley J. K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Crowley J. K., J. Geophys. Res.96, 16231 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(75)90058-5","volume":"24","author":"Fink U.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fink U., Larson H. P., Icarus24, 411 (1975).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_18_2.1","unstructured":"R. W. Carlson and the NIMS Team paper presented at the Workshop on Remote Sensing of Planetary Ices: Earth and Other Solid Bodies Flagstaff AZ 11 to 13 June 1997"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_18_2.2","unstructured":"R. W. Carlson paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America Salt Lake City UT 22 October 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"This approach ignores many factors affecting the details of reflectance spectra such as particle size and multiple nonlinear scattering. It is used here to demonstrate some outstanding fundamental properties in a rapid and simple manner."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_20_2.1","unstructured":"T. B. McCord et al. Eos (Fall Suppl.) 78 F407 (abstr.) (1997)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_20_2.2","unstructured":"T. B. McCord et al. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXIX 1560 (abstr.) (1998). A band-minimum (rather than total band shape) map for one Europa area also was presented by J. C. Granahan et al. [ Eos (Fall Suppl.) 78 F417 (abstr.) (1997)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90025-S","volume":"44","author":"Crowley J. K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"For example, Crowley J. K., Remote Sensing Environ. 44, 337 (1993); Econ. Geol. 91, 622 (1996); R. N. Clark, G. A. Swayze, A. Gallagher, T. V. V. King, W. M. Calvin, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 93-592 (1993). See these references for descriptions of various minerals.","journal-title":"Remote Sensing Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"J. C. Granahan et al. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 29 982 (abstr.) (1997); F. P. Fanale et al. in preparation."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"R. V. Gaines H. C. W. Skinner E. E. Foord B. Mason A. Rosenzweig Dana's New Mineralogy (Wiley New York ed. 8 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Hagen A. G. G. M. Tielens J. M. Greenberg Chem. Phys. 56 367 (1981); W. Hagen and A. G. G. M. Tielens Spectrochim. Acta 38A 1089 (1982); W. M. Grundy and B. Schmitt J. Geophys. Res. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0104(81)80158-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(68)90029-X","volume":"32","author":"Hardie L. A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"For example, Hardie L. A., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 32, 1279 (1968).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(91)90235-L","volume":"94","author":"Kargel J. S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"F. P. Fanale, T. V. Johnson, D. L. Matson, inPlanetary Satellites (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1977), pp. 379\u2013405; Kargel J. S., Icarus 94, 368 (1991).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"F. P. Fanale et al. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXIX 1248 (abstr.) (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"R. Y. Stanier et al. The Microbial World (Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ 1986) pp. 22\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"For example see S. Kempe J. Kazmierczak E. T. Degens in Origin Evolution and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals R. E. Crick Ed. (Plenum New York 1989) pp. 29\u201343."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"NIMS observations are named for the primary satellite target the number of the orbit around Jupiter and the name of the target area on the satellite for example E6TERINC = Europa 6th orbit Terra Incognito."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"The water frost albedo model used is from W. J. Wiscombe and S. G. Warren [ J. Atmos. Sci. 37 2712 (1980)] and the optical constants used are described by G. B. Hansen T. B. McCord and the NIMS Team [ Lunar Planet. Sci. XXVIII 505 (abstr.) (1997)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"This work was supported in part by the NASA Galileo Project. This is SOEST publication 4622 and HIGP publication 987."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.280.5367.1242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T23:38:02Z","timestamp":1705102682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.280.5367.1242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5367","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.280.5367.1242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.280.5367.1242","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,22]]}}}