{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:43:01Z","timestamp":1791178981672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5392","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous measurements of nitrogen oxide and ozone were performed from a commercial airliner during 1 year at cruising altitudes below and above the tropopause. The upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides distribution was found to be strongly influenced by large-scale plumes extending about 100 to 1300 kilometers along the flight track. The plumes were frequently observed downwind of thunderstorms and frontal systems, which most probably caused upward transport of polluted air from the continental boundary layer or nitrogen oxide production in lightning strokes, or both. Particularly in summer, average ozone concentrations in the plumes were enhanced compared to the tropospheric background levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5392.1305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:44:47Z","timestamp":1027763087000},"page":"1305-1309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Large-Scale Nitrogen Oxide Plumes in the Tropopause Region and Implications for Ozone"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Brunner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D. Brunner, Atmospheric Composition Research Division, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. J. Staehelin and D. Jeker, Institute for Atmospheric Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hoenggerberg HPP, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Staehelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D. Brunner, Atmospheric Composition Research Division, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. J. Staehelin and D. Jeker, Institute for Atmospheric Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hoenggerberg HPP, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Jeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D. Brunner, Atmospheric Composition Research Division, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. J. Staehelin and D. Jeker, Institute for Atmospheric Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hoenggerberg HPP, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7311","DOI":"10.1029\/JC076i030p07311","volume":"76","author":"Crutzen P. J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Crutzen P. J., J. Geophys. Res. 76, 7311 (1971);","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_3","first-page":"4191","volume":"92","author":"Liu S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Liu S., et al., ibid. 92, 4191 (1987);","journal-title":"ibid."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"; G. P. Brasseur J.-F. M\u00fcller C. Granier ibid. 101 1423 (1996); D. D. Davis et al. ibid. p. 2111.","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02363"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5347.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9971","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD07p09971","volume":"95","author":"Lacis A. A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lacis A. A., Wuebbles D. J., Logan J. A., J. Geophys. Res. 95, 9971 (1990);","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_3","first-page":"23389","volume":"102","author":"Roelofs G. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roelofs G. J., Lelieveld J., van Dorland R., ibid. 102, 23389 (1997).","journal-title":"ibid."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios J. T. Houghton et al. Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge 1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00326-3","volume":"31","author":"Schumann U.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schumann U., Atmos. Environ. 31, 1723 (1997);","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_3","unstructured":"; U. Schumann Ed. Air Pollution Research Report 58. Publication EUR 16978 EN (Office for Official Publication of the European Communities Luxembourg 1996); R. R. Friedl Ed. NASA Reference Publication 1400 (NASA Greenbelt MD 1997);"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00486-X","volume":"32","author":"Brasseur G. P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brasseur G. P., et al., Atmos. Environ. 32, 2329 (1998) .","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00327-5","volume":"31","author":"Lee D. S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee D. S., et al., Atmos. Environ. 31, 1735 (1997).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"L. K. Emmons et al. ibid. p. 1851."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.235.4787.460"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14049","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD09p14049","volume":"95","author":"Pickering K. E.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pickering K. E., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14049 (1990);","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_3","first-page":"17985","volume":"97","author":"Pickering K. E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pickering K. E., et al., ibid. 97, 17985 (1992).","journal-title":"ibid."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1126\/science.264.5166.1759","volume":"264","author":"Lelieveld J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lelieveld J., Crutzen P. J., Science 264, 1759 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1021\/es980119w","volume":"32","author":"Dias-Lalcaca P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dias-Lalcaca P., Brunner D., Imfeld W., Moser W., Staehelin J., Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 3228 (1998).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"D. Brunner thesis ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"A simple photostationary state equilibrium results from the following reaction cycle: NO + O 3 \u2192 NO 2 + O 2 (1); NO 2 + h\u03bd \u2192 NO + O (2); O + O 2 + M \u2192 O 3 + M (3) and is given by  [NO2]=k1[NO][O3]JNO2where k 1 is the rate constant of reaction (1) and J NO 2 is the rate of the photolysis of NO 2 in reaction (2). The photolysis rate J NO 2 was calculated for clear-sky conditions only. The uncertainty in the calculation of NO 2 adds to the uncertainty in total NO x by not more than 20% because on average NO 2 was only a minor fraction (20 to 30%) of total NO x at 9 to 12 km altitude. Nitrogen oxides values derived from measured NO 2 concentrations were 33 pptv higher on average than those calculated from photostationary state NO 2 (11). Given the NO x concentration averaged over all measurements between December 1995 to May 1996 of 172 pptv this represents a difference of about 20%."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast) model at T213\/L31 resolution\u2014that is with 31 vertical layers and 0.75\u00b0 by 0.75\u00b0 horizontal resolution."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10739","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03748","volume":"102","author":"Schlager H.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schlager H., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 10739 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"2927","volume":"98","author":"Parrish D. D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parrish D. D., et al., ibid. 98, 2927 (1993).","journal-title":"ibid."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_18_2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Price J. Penner M. Prather ibid. 102 5929 (1997)","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03504"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_18_2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Levy II W. J. Moxim P. S. Kasibhatla ibid. 101 22911 (1996).","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02341"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. T. Luke R. R. Dickerson W. F. Ryan K. E. Pickering L. J. Nunnermaker ibid. 97 20647 (1992).","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02127"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. B. Smyth et al. ibid. 101 24165 (1996).","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00224"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"We define a large-scale plume as the sequence of at least four 2-min integrated NO x samples that show an average increase relative to the background of at least 0.1 ppbv. The background level during a plume event was simply obtained by linear interpolation between the concentrations adjacent to the plume (Fig. 1). Given the (true air) speed of the aircraft of 250 m\/s four samples correspond to a flight leg of 120 km. A difference of 0.1 ppbv is well above the noise of the measurement (11) and represents a significant increase above background levels of typically 70 to 200 pptv (Table 1)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Using a higher PV value of 4 PVU for the tropopause definition the fraction of samples obtained within plumes is 10.4% and 1.6% for the tropospheric and stratospheric samples respectively. Thus the probability to observe a large-scale plume rapidly decreases in the stratosphere."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Flat\u00f8y and \u00d8. Hov J. Geophys. Res. 102 21373 (1997).","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01308"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"The NOXAR project was funded by the Swiss Federal Civil Aviation Authority (BAZL). We thank Swissair for the generous support and ECO Physics Inc. for the design of the instrumentation and the assistance during the measurements. We also acknowledge H. Wernli and M. Bourqui for the trajectory calculations and R. Luethi for providing data from his archive of satellite images which were both of great help for the interpretation of the measurements."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.282.5392.1305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T05:32:37Z","timestamp":1705123957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.282.5392.1305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5392","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.282.5392.1305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.282.5392.1305","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,13]]}}}