{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:05:06Z","timestamp":1773817506243,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5397","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Recent determinations of the Newtonian constant of gravity have produced values that differ by nearly 40 times their individual error estimates (more than 0.5%). In an attempt to help resolve this situation, an experiment that uses the gravity field of a one-half metric ton source mass to perturb the trajectory of a free-falling mass and laser interferometry to track the falling object was performed. This experiment does not suspend the test mass from a support system. It is therefore free of many systematic errors associated with supports. The measured value was\n            <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\n            = (6.6873 \u00b1 0.0094) \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>\u221211<\/jats:sup>\n            m\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            kg\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            sec\n            <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:44:47Z","timestamp":1027763087000},"page":"2230-2234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["A Free-Fall Determination of the Newtonian Constant of Gravity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"J. P. Schwarz and J. E. Faller, JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130440, USA. D. S. Robertson, National Geodetic Survey, NOS, NOAA, and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130216, USA. T. M. Niebauer, Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas S.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. P. Schwarz and J. E. Faller, JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130440, USA. D. S. Robertson, National Geodetic Survey, NOS, NOAA, and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130216, USA. T. M. Niebauer, Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Niebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. P. Schwarz and J. E. Faller, JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130440, USA. D. S. Robertson, National Geodetic Survey, NOS, NOAA, and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130216, USA. T. M. Niebauer, Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Faller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. P. Schwarz and J. E. Faller, JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130440, USA. D. S. Robertson, National Geodetic Survey, NOS, NOAA, and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309\u20130216, USA. T. M. Niebauer, Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.75.2796","volume":"75","author":"Kuroda K.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kuroda K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2796 (1995).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"M. K. Bantel and R. D. Newman Proc. CPEM 1998 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"R. D. Newman and M. K. Bantel Proc. 8th M. Grossman Meeting on General Relativity (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.48.121","volume":"48","author":"Luther G. G.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Luther G. G., Towler W. R., Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 121 (1982).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1109\/19.377890","volume":"44","author":"Fitzgerald M. P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M. P., Armstrong T. R., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44, 494 (1995).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Michaelis H. Haars R. Augustin Metrologia 32 267 (1996\/96).","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/32\/4\/4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Walesch H. Meyer H. Piel J. Schurr IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44 491 (1995).","DOI":"10.1109\/19.377889"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"A. Schumacher et al. Proc. CPEM 1998 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.80.1142","volume":"80","author":"Schurr J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schurr J., Nolting F., K\u00fcndig W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1142 (1998).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/60\/2\/001","volume":"60","author":"Gillies G. T.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gillies G. T., Rep. Prog. Phys. 60, 151 (1997).","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/33\/6\/4","volume":"33","author":"Robertson D. S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robertson D. S., Metrologia 33, 545 (1996).","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"D. Brouwer and G. Clemence Methods of Celestial Mechanics (Academic Press New York 1961)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"FG-5 Absolute Gravimeter is a trade name used here for identification purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement by the authors or their institutions."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"T. M. Niebauer thesis University of Colorado at Boulder (1987)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/32\/3\/004","volume":"32","author":"Niebauer T.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Niebauer T., Sasagawa G., Faller J., Hilt R., Klopping F., Metrologia 32, 159 (1995).","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"M. A. Zumberge thesis (University of Colorado at Boulder 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Micro-g Solutions FG-5 Owner's Manual (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"1 Gal equals one cm s \u22122 . Thus local acceleration is approximately 980 Gal."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"J. Faller in J. Segawa H. Fujimoto S. Okubo Eds. Gravity Geoid and Marine Geodesy vol. 117 (Tokyo 1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"G. Barta A. Haj\u00f3sy P. Varga in Proc. Tenth Int. Symp. on Earth's Tides (1985)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"W. Koldewyn thesis Wesleyan University (1976)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"J. P. Schwarz thesis University of Colorado at Boulder (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"D. Robertson et al. paper presented at the 1997 AGU Chapman Conference on Microgal Gravimetry St. Augustine FL 5 March 1997 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"W. Press S. Teukolsky W. Vetterling B. Flannery Numerical Recipes in C (Cambridge University Press 2nd edition 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"We thank H. Green B. Horner and J. Andru for assistance with the source mass assembly; T. van Dam G. Sasagawa and J. D. Williams for gravimeter support; and F. Klopping J. Valentine K. Buxton J. Gschwind and O. Francis for information hardware and support. We thank The National Gravity Survey\/National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration for the use of their facilities (the Table Mountain Gravity Observatory). We also thank P. Bender for help on the interpretation of random noise sources. This research was developed with support from the National Science Foundation Grant #PHY-9617498. Support was also provided by the Cooperative Research Program of JILA a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado under grant #NB 4RAH 40H067. NIST provided additional support through its programmatic support of precision measurements and the determination of fundamental constants."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.282.5397.2230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T05:23:45Z","timestamp":1705123425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.282.5397.2230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5397","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.282.5397.2230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.282.5397.2230","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,18]]}}}