{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:30:37Z","timestamp":1792092637707,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5448","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern United States that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (\n            <jats:italic>Corvus<\/jats:italic>\n            species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. Complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead Chilean flamingo (\n            <jats:italic>Phoenicopterus chilensis<\/jats:italic>\n            ), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (E-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species including mosquitoes and two fatal human cases, revealed that West Nile (WN) virus circulated in natural transmission cycles and was responsible for the human disease. Antigenic mapping with E-glycoprotein\u2013specific monoclonal antibodies and E-glycoprotein phylogenetic analysis confirmed these viruses as WN. This North American WN virus was most closely related to a WN virus isolated from a dead goose in Israel in 1998.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:42:47Z","timestamp":1027762967000},"page":"2333-2337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1276,"title":["Origin of the West Nile Virus Responsible for an Outbreak of Encephalitis in the Northeastern United States"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"286","author":[{"given":"R. S.","family":"Lanciotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. T.","family":"Roehrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Deubel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 des Arbovirus et Virus des Fie\u0300vres He\u0301morragiques, Institut Pasteur\u2013Paris, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Virology and Pathology, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Virology and Pathology, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Virology and Pathology, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Crise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Virology and Pathology, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. E.","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"Crabtree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Scherret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. S.","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. B.","family":"Cropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Panigrahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ostlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Malkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit-Dagon 50250, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Banet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit-Dagon 50250, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Weissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit-Dagon 50250, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Komar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Pathology Unit, Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Delmar, NY 12054, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. J.","family":"Gubler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"The following RT-PCR and sequencing protocol was used. RNA was extracted from chicken embryo allantoic fluid with the QIAamp Viral RNA kit (Qiagen); 140 \u03bcl of starting material was extracted according to the manufacturer's protocol and the RNA was resuspended in a final volume of 100 \u03bcl of ribonuclease-free water. DNA templates for sequencing were then generated as follows: The entire RNA genome of WN-NY99 (flamingo 382-99) was converted\/copied into six overlapping double-stranded DNA fragments in multiple RT-PCR reactions using the WN-specific primer pairs 109\/1442c 1248\/2737c 2414\/5237c 5119\/7990c 7336\/9794c and 9661\/10 489c (where c = complementary). The 3\u2032 end of WN-NY99 virus was amplified by addition of a polyadenylate [poly(A)] tail onto the genome with poly(A) polymerase followed by a RT-PCR reaction with the WN-specific primer 10 141 in combination with an oligo(dT) anchor primer. The 5\u2032 end of WN-NY99 was amplified with the 5\u2032 RACE System kit (Life Technologies Gaithersburg MD) and WN-specific primers 619c and 348c. Sequencing of additional WN isolates in the prM-E region (see text) was accomplished with the use of the primer pairs in the corresponding region of the genome as described above. All WN-specific RT-PCR and sequencing primers were designed with the use of OLIGO (Molecular Biology Insights Inc. Cascade CO) and the published sequences of WN (GenBank accession numbers  and ) and Kunjin (GenBank accession number ). RT-PCR reactions were performed with the TITAN One Tube RT-PCR kit (Boehringer Mannheim) following the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting DNA fragments were purified by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels; the DNA bands were excised then isolated using the QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen). Both strands of the purified DNAs were sequenced with the use of the Taq DyeDeoxy Terminator Cycle sequencing kit (Perkin- Elmer\/Applied Biosystems) and a total of 51 WN-specific primers spaced about 400 bases apart on the genome (primer sequences are available upon request). Cycle sequencing was performed by combining \u223c400 ng of gel-purified DNA (0.2 pmol) with 30 pmol of WN-specific primer and following the manufacturer's protocol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4023707"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.548","volume":"31","author":"Gentry M. K.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gentry M. K., Henchal E. A., McCown J. M., Brandt W. E., Dalrymple J. M., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 548 (1982).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.162","volume":"34","author":"Henchal E. A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Henchal E. A., McCown J. M., Burke D. S., Seguin M. C., Brandt W. E., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 162 (1985).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.394","volume":"42","author":"Roehrig J. T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Roehrig J. T., et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 42, 394 (1990).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. A. Gould A. Buckley S. Higgs S. Gaidamovich Arch. Virol. (suppl. 1) (1990) p. 137.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9091-3_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1991.7","volume":"69","author":"Hall R. A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hall R. A., Burgess G. W., Kay B. H., Clancy P., Immunol. Cell Biol. 69, 47 (1991).","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(95)80018-2","volume":"206","author":"Adams S. C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Adams S. C., et al., Virology 206, 49 (1995).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90323-9","volume":"128","author":"Roehrig J. T.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Roehrig J. T., Mathews J. H., Trent D. W., Virology 128, 118 (1983).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-69-5-1105","volume":"69","author":"Hawkes R. A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hawkes R. A., Roehrig J. T., Hunt A. R., Moore G. A., J. Gen. Virol. 69, 1105 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-1-37","volume":"70","author":"Calisher C. H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Calisher C. H., et al., J. Gen. Virol. 70, 37 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"H. M. Savage et al. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-9-2293"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"S. Kumar K. Tamura M. Nei MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 1 (Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"D. L. Swofford PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*And Other Methods) version b4 (Sinauer Associates Sunderland MA 1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"41","volume":"10","author":"Olsen G. J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Olsen G. J., Matsuda H., Agstrom R., Overbeek R., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10, 41 (1994).","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01734359"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"R. S. Lanciotti and M. B. Crabtree data not shown."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04576-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.872"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03538-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"945","volume":"9","author":"Rzhetsky A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rzhetsky A., Nei M., Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 945 (1992).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"1073","volume":"10","author":"___","year":"1993","unstructured":"___, Mol. Biol. Evol. 10, 1073 (1993).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"We thank K. Tsuchiya A. Kerst B. Holloway K. Gottfried M. Godsey N. Panella B. R. Miller A. H. Hunt R. S. Nasci B. J. Biggerstaff and C. J. Mitchell (CDC) for technical assistance and valuable scientific discussions; S. Murri and M.-T. Drouet (Institut Pasteur) G. Gustafson J. Pedersen D. Petersen K. Moser and D. Johnson (NVSL) K. Hynes and R. Diana (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation) L. Sileo and K. Converse (National Wildlife Center) A. Ngbokoli and R. Manduca (Wildlife Conservation Society) and D. J. White (New York State Department of Health) for technical assistance; E. Gould (Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology Natural Environment Research Council UK) for providing WN-specific mAb H5.46; M. Layton A. Fine J. Miller D. Nash A. Ramon and I. Poshni (New York City Department of Health) for providing human specimens for testing; K. Reibner (New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner) for performing the autopsies; and R. Deavours and A. Mather (CDC) for secretarial and editorial assistance."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T10:35:44Z","timestamp":1705142144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5448","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,17]]}}}