{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:59:43Z","timestamp":1790359183510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5469","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During late 1999\/early 2000, the solid state imaging experiment on the Galileo spacecraft returned more than 100 high-resolution (5 to 500 meters per pixel) images of volcanically active Io. We observed an active lava lake, an active curtain of lava, active lava flows, calderas, mountains, plateaus, and plains. Several of the sulfur dioxide\u2013rich plumes are erupting from distal flows, rather than from the source of silicate lava (caldera or fissure, often with red pyroclastic deposits). Most of the active flows in equatorial regions are being emplaced slowly beneath insulated crust, but rapidly emplaced channelized flows are also found at all latitudes. There is no evidence for high-viscosity lava, but some bright flows may consist of sulfur rather than mafic silicates. The mountains, plateaus, and calderas are strongly influenced by tectonics and gravitational collapse. Sapping channels and scarps suggest that many portions of the upper \u223c1 kilometer are rich in volatiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5469.1193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:40:21Z","timestamp":1027762821000},"page":"1193-1198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Galileo at Io: Results from High-Resolution Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"A. S.","family":"McEwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J. S.","family":"Belton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Optical Astronomy Observatories, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. H.","family":"Breneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"Fagents","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Geissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Greeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02913, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Hoppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. L.","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. V.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Keszthelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. P.","family":"Klaasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Lopes-Gautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. P.","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"Milazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. T.","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02913, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. B.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Radebaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR, Institut fur Weltraumsensorik und Planetenerkundung, 12489 Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. P.","family":"Simonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. P.","family":"Turtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"W. J. O'Neil et al. in The Flight of Project Galileo as Reported Annually to the IAF\/AIAA IAF-96-Q.2.01 1 (International Astronautical Federation Paris 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"The majority of the I24 images were acquired in a special mode (2 \u00d7 2 pixel summation and a fast 2.6-s readout time) designed to minimize radiation noise. We expected the radiation noise to be severe in images acquired close to Io but the image quality proved much better than expected. Unfortunately the summation mode which worked correctly through orbit C21 produced garbled images in I24. Many of the images were reconstructed with an innovative algorithm devised at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with the LabVIEW software from National Instruments (Austin TX). However the photometry remains severely compromised eliminating useful color data and parts of some images are completely unrecoverable. Full-resolution imaging modes (no pixel summing) worked correctly but only a few partial (top one-third) frames were acquired in I24 while close to Io. I25 and subsequent encounters were replanned to acquire only full-resolution images."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"See www.sciencemag.org\/feature\/data\/1049308.shl for a table of I24 and I25 image characteristics and the Web figures."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1998.5972"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1999.6129"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1999.6128"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5429.870"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1998.5979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5373.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"T. V. Johnson and L. A. Soderblom in Satellites of Jupiter D. Morrison Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson AZ 1982) pp. 634\u2013646."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1997.5837"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_3","unstructured":"; A. S. McEwen R. Lopes-Gautier L. Keszthelyi S. W. Kieffer in Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions: From Deep Oceans to Deep Space J. R. Zimbelman and T. K. P. Gregg Eds. (Plenum New York in press)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Plumes have given names only (such as \u201cPele\u201d) whereas surface features are called a patera (irregular or complex depression) fluctus (flow) mons (mountain) mensa (mesa) planum (plateau) or catena (chain). Most volcanic centers include several features so in practice we often drop the feature name and refer to the entire complex by its given name."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL02592"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5469.1208"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"A. G. Davies et al. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXX (1999) [CD-ROM]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL01368"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"C. B. Phillips dissertation University of Arizona Tucson AZ (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"L. Keszthelyi A. S. McEwen Th. Thordarson J. Geophys. Res. in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5469.1198"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Thorarinsson S.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Thorarinsson S., Bull. Volcanol. 2, 1 (1953).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001157"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_3","unstructured":"; D. A. Williams et al. Eos (spring meet. suppl.) in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1994)106<0351:EAIOPS>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL03039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5469.1201"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5469.1204"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"D. S. Acton M. E. Brown B. F. Lane in preparation."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL02593"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"S. A. Fagents D. A. Williams R. Greeley Eos (fall meet. suppl.) 80 (no. 46) F625 (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/302663a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_3","unstructured":"; J. W. Head and L. Wilson Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXI (2000) [CD-ROM]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"S. W. Kieffer in Satellites of Jupiter D. Morrison Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson AZ 1982) pp. 647\u2013723."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01078809"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1999.6183"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5356.1514"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","unstructured":"The compressive stress induced by globally uniform subsidence exceeds 1 kbar at a depth of 2.5 km. For comparison the stresses induced by tides are expected to be between 2 and 6 bar."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","unstructured":"J. M. Moore R. J. Sullivan R. T. Pappalardo E. P. Turtle Lunar Planet Sci. XXXI (2000) [CD-ROM]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/280736a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","unstructured":"S. Self Th. Thordarson L. Keszthelyi in Large Igneous Provinces: Continental Oceanic and Planetary Flood Volcanism J. J. Mahoney and M. F. Coffin Eds. (American Geophysical Union Washington DC 1997) pp. 381\u2013410."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","unstructured":"We thank J. Erickson and the Galileo team at JPL for their spacecraft recovery efforts during I24 and I25 and G. Levanus and G. Wells of JPL for the I24 image reconstruction."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.288.5469.1193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T10:07:56Z","timestamp":1705140476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.288.5469.1193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5469","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.288.5469.1193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.288.5469.1193","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,19]]}}}