{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:32:12Z","timestamp":1791275532778,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5496","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An enduring controversy in neuroscience concerns how the brain \u201cbinds\u201d together separately coded stimulus features to form unitary representations of objects. Recent evidence has indicated a close link between this binding process and 40-hertz (gamma-band) oscillations generated by localized neural circuits. In a separate line of research, the ability of young infants to perceive objects as unitary and bounded has become a central focus for debates about the mechanisms of perceptual development. Here we demonstrate that binding-related 40-hertz oscillations are evident in the infant brain around 8 months of age, which is the same age at which behavioral and event-related potential evidence indicates the onset of perceptual binding of spatially separated static visual features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5496.1582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1027748901000},"page":"1582-1585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["Gamma Oscillations and Object Processing in the Infant Brain"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"290","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Csibra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. W.","family":"Spratling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. H.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90006-8","volume":"14","author":"Treisman A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Treisman A., Schmidt H., Cogn. Psychol. 14, 459 (1982).","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.003011","volume":"18","author":"Singer W.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Singer W., Gray C. M., Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 555 (1995).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04240.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227182","volume":"112","author":"M\u00fcller M. M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M. M., et al., Exp. Brain Res. 112, 96 (1996).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.26.3.703","volume":"26","author":"Elliott M. A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Elliott M. A., M\u00fcller H. J., J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 26, 703 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"P. J. Kellman M. S. Banks in Handbook of Child Development W. Damon Ed. (Wiley New York 1998) vol. 2 pp. 103\u2013146."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.2307\/1129546","volume":"51","author":"Bertenthal B. I.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bertenthal B. I., Campos J. J., Haith M. M., Child Dev. 51, 1072 (1980).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"M. J. Kavsek unpublished data presented as a poster at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development Albuquerque NM 17 April 1999."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Although there is one paper reporting mixed results concerning the discrimination of static Kanizsa figures in babies younger than 6 months old ["},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-6383(90)90032-4","volume":"13","author":"Ghim H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ghim H., Infant Behav. Dev. 13, 221 (1990);","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_4","unstructured":"] several other studies [such as (7 8)] including unpublished experiments from our own laboratory (see www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk\/cbcd\/studies\/kaniduck\/kaniduck.html) have failed to demonstrate it in babies less than 6 months old."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0476-48","volume":"234","author":"Kanizsa G.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kanizsa G., Sci. Am. 234, 48 (1976).","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00002-4","volume":"110","author":"Herrmann C. S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herrmann C. S., Mecklinger A., Pfeifer W., Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 636 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"The age range was 235 to 249 days (mean 242.7 days) and 184 to 193 days (mean 189.1 days) in the 8- and 6-month-old groups respectively. Both age groups consisted of six male and five female infants. An additional 35 infants were tested but were excluded from the analysis because they did not complete enough trials [20 infants see (13)] or because of movement or electrical artefacts (11 and 4 infants respectively). The behavior of the participants was video-recorded and coded offline to identify epochs when they were not attending the stimuli. We obtained informed consent from the parents of all participating infants."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"The brain electric potentials were recorded against a vertex reference amplified with 0.1- to 100-Hz bandpass filtering digitized at a 250-Hz sampling rate stored on computer disk and segmented offline into EEG trials with 200-ms prestimulus and 600-ms poststimulus onset duration. Trials with the infant not attending the screen in the interval between 500 ms before and 600 ms after stimulus onset were rejected from further analyses. Movement and electrical artefacts were identified and rejected by trial-by-trial inspection of the recorded EEG. Infants with less than 30 valid artefact-free trials in either condition were excluded. The average number of trials per condition used in wavelet and ERP analyses was 63.5 and 60.7 in 8- and 6-month-old infants respectively."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(93)90121-B","volume":"87","author":"Tucker D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tucker D., Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 87, 154 (1993).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"We applied a continuous wavelet transformation to single trials of EEGs in each channel using Morlet wavelets at 1-Hz intervals in the 21- to 60-Hz range. A Morlet wavelet is a complex function of time ( t ) and frequency ( f ) defined as  w(t f)=1\u03c3t\u03c0\u2009exp\u2212t22\u03c3t2\u2009exp(2i\u03c0ft)and in this application  \u03c3t=3.5\/\u03c0fThe coefficients of the wavelet transform at a particular frequency f are calculated by convolving the signal s ( t ) with the wavelet w ( t f ) and taking the modulus of the resulting complex coefficients  E(t f)=|s(t)\u2297w(t f)|Average wavelet coefficients within infants were calculated by taking the mean across trials. The average amplitude during the 100-ms prestimulus interval was considered as the baseline level and was subtracted from the whole time-varying signal. The mean amplitude between 32 and 48 Hz was taken as the measure of gamma-band EEG activity."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Both stimuli resulted in an early phase-locked gamma burst similar to that observed in adults (3 11) observable in the time-frequency analyses of the averaged ERPs (Fig. 3B)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"An analysis of variance on the uncorrected absolute baseline level of gamma-band activity over the left frontal cortex during the 100-ms interval before stimulus presentation did not reveal any difference between stimulus types or age groups."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.24.1.169","volume":"24","author":"Davis G.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davis G., Driver J., J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 24, 169 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-11-04244.1998","volume":"18","author":"Tallon-Baudry C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tallon-Baudry C., Bertrand O., Perronnet F., Pernier J., J. Neurosci. 18, 4244 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5323.239"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Two of these explanations can be ruled out on the basis of the results. First it may be that the younger infants simply do not perceive the difference between the two stimuli because of limitations in their eye and early visual processing. We can exclude this explanation because analysis of the low-frequency transient visual ERPs elicited by the Kanizsa square and the control stimuli showed significant effects of stimulus for both the 6- and the 8-month-old groups (Fig. 3A). Second it may be that gammalike effects can be observed at lower frequencies in 6-month-old infants than in adults and 8-month-olds. To examine this possibility we analyzed oscillatory activity at a lower frequency range (21 to 32 Hz) but still failed to find equivalent binding-related bursts corresponding to those reported in the gamma-band frequency in older participants."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"The between-subject SD of the latency of peak gamma activity after Kanizsa square stimulus at the three left frontal electrodes (Fig. 2) was 76.4 ms and 113.3 ms in 8- and 6-month-olds respectively. The SD of the latency of minimal gamma activity after the control stimulus was 57.7 ms and 93.1 ms in 8- and 6-month-olds respectively."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00886.x","volume":"32","author":"Sugawara M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sugawara M., Morotomi T., Scand. J. Psychol. 32, 352 (1991).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"Both adults (3 11 23) and 8-month-olds show a more negative ERP over the occipital cortex in response to Kanizsa figures than to control stimuli from about 120 ms after stimulus presentation."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0012","volume":"3","author":"Ffytche D. H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ffytche D. H., Zeki S., Neuroimage 3, 104 (1996).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199703240-00008","volume":"8","author":"Tallon-Baudry C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tallon-Baudry C., Bertrand O., Wienbruch C., Ross B., Pantev C., Neuroreport 8, 1103 (1997).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(98)00016-6","volume":"29","author":"Csibra G.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Csibra G., Tucker L. A., Johnson M. H., Int. J. Psychophysiol. 29, 210 (1998).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"We selected four regions for statistical comparisons on the basis of previous works: bilateral occipital areas (25) and bilateral frontal areas (11). Only the statistically reliable effects are reported."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"The ERPs were digitally filtered with an elliptical low-pass filter at 35 Hz and converted to an average reference."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"We thank L. Tucker and \u00c1. Volein for their assistance in recording and coding data and the UK Medical Research Council (program grant G9715587) the European Commission (BioMed grant BMH4-CT97-2032) the Royal Society and Birkbeck College for support of this project."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.290.5496.1582","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T05:40:49Z","timestamp":1705124449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.290.5496.1582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,24]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5496","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.290.5496.1582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.290.5496.1582","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,24]]}}}