{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:09:48Z","timestamp":1790435388335,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4845","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found on mammalian retinal ganglion cell neurons in culture. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) can be detected in the medium of many of these retinal cultures, after release presumably from the choline acetyltransferase-positive amacrine cells. The postsynaptic effect of endogenous or applied ACh on the ganglion cells can be blocked with specific nicotinic antagonists. Here it is shown that within 24 hours of producing such a pharmacologic blockade, the retinal ganglion cells begin to sprout or regenerate neuronal processes. Thus, the growth-enhancing effect of nicotinic antagonists may be due to the removal of inhibition to growth by tonic levels of ACh present in the culture medium. Since there is a spontaneous leak of ACh in the intact retina, the effects of nicotinic cholinergic drugs on process outgrowth in culture may reflect a normal control mechanism for growth or regeneration of retinal ganglion cell processes that is exerted by ACh in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3344435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T21:21:15Z","timestamp":1160083275000},"page":"1293-1296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Nicotinic Antagonists Enhance Process Outgrowth by Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells in Culture"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Frosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheal D.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Tauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Aizenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016951","volume":"396","year":"1988","unstructured":"AIZENMAN, E, RESPONSES MEDIATED BY EXCITATORY AMINO-ACID RECEPTORS IN SOLITARY RETINAL GANGLION-CELLS FROM RAT, JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 396: 75 (1988).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014104","volume":"324","year":"1982","unstructured":"ARIEL, M, EFFECTS OF CHOLINERGIC DRUGS ON RECEPTIVE-FIELD PROPERTIES OF RABBIT RETINAL GANGLION-CELLS, JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 324: 135 (1982).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1328","volume":"13","year":"1987","unstructured":"BASSI, C.J., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 13: 1328 (1987).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/320172a0","volume":"320","year":"1986","unstructured":"BEAR, M.F., MODULATION OF VISUAL CORTICAL PLASTICITY BY ACETYLCHOLINE AND NORADRENALINE, NATURE 320: 172 (1986).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"1","volume":"23","year":"1982","unstructured":"BERRY, M, BIBLTHCA ANAT 23: 1 (1982).","journal-title":"BIBLTHCA ANAT"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3715470"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"370","volume":"12","year":"1986","unstructured":"COHAN, C.S., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 12: 370 (1986).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-04-01021.1986","volume":"6","year":"1986","unstructured":"DUBIN, M.W., A ROLE FOR ACTION-POTENTIAL ACTIVITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONAL CONNECTIONS IN THE KITTEN RETINOGENICULATE PATHWAY, JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 6: 1021 (1986).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"309","volume":"7","year":"1981","unstructured":"ECKENSTEIN, F, SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 7: 309 (1981).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13113.x","volume":"47","year":"1986","unstructured":"FLYNN, D.D., CHARACTERIZATION OF L-[H-3]NICOTINE BINDING IN HUMAN CEREBRAL-CORTEX - COMPARISON BETWEEN ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE AND THE NORMAL, JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 47: 1948 (1986).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"1505","volume":"12","year":"1986","unstructured":"FROSCH, M.P., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 12: 1505 (1986).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3749894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"158","volume":"11","year":"1985","unstructured":"HAYDON, P.G., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 11: 158 (1985).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/240051a0","volume":"240","year":"1972","unstructured":"HILL, R.G., CONVULSIVE PROPERTIES OF D-TUBOCURARINE AND CORTICAL INHIBITION, NATURE 240: 51 (1972).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150804","volume":"315","year":"1986","unstructured":"HINTON, D.R., OPTIC-NERVE DEGENERATION IN ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 315: 485 (1986).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"377","volume":"278","year":"1977","unstructured":"HUBEL, D.H., PLASTICITY OF OCULAR DOMINANCE COLUMNS IN MONKEY STRIATE CORTEX, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 278: 377 (1977).","journal-title":"PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/305632a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-08-02895.1988","volume":"8","year":"1988","unstructured":"Karschin, A., Journal of Neuroscience 8: 2895 (1988).","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"761","volume":"11","year":"1985","unstructured":"KATER, S.B., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 11: 761 (1985).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2443978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1116","volume":"12","year":"1986","unstructured":"LANKFORD, K.L., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 12: 1116 (1986).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"258","volume":"13","year":"1987","unstructured":"LANKFORD, K.L., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 13: 258 (1987).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6143400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-10-03857.1988","volume":"8","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lipton, S. A., Journal of Neuroscience 8: 3857 (1988).","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"2388","volume":"85","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lipton, S. A., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85: 2388 (1988).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016497","volume":"385","year":"1987","unstructured":"LIPTON, S.A., VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CONDUCTANCES OF SOLITARY GANGLION-CELLS DISSOCIATED FROM THE RAT RETINA, JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 385: 361 (1987).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"9774","volume":"83","year":"1986","unstructured":"LIPTON, S.A., BLOCKADE OF ELECTRICAL-ACTIVITY PROMOTES THE DEATH OF MAMMALIAN RETINAL GANGLION-CELLS IN CULTURE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 83: 9774 (1986).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00581893","volume":"410","year":"1987","unstructured":"LIPTON, S.A., NEURAL NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RESPONSES IN SOLITARY MAMMALIAN RETINAL GANGLION-CELLS, PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 410: 37 (1987).","journal-title":"PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90257-6","volume":"59","year":"1973","unstructured":"LYNCH, G, DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN POSTLESION AXONAL GROWTH IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BRAIN RESEARCH 59: 155 (1973).","journal-title":"BRAIN RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.83.1.159","volume":"83","year":"1979","unstructured":"MASLAND, R.H., AUTORADIOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE RABBIT RETINA, JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 83: 159 (1979).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.6.1210","volume":"39","year":"1976","unstructured":"MASLAND, R.H., EFFECT OF STIMULATION WITH LIGHT ON SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY AN ISOLATED MAMMALIAN RETINA, JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 39: 1210 (1976).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"79","volume":"223","year":"1984","unstructured":"MASLAND, R.H., ACETYLCHOLINE-SYNTHESIZING AMACRINE CELLS - IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTIVE STAINING BY USING AUTORADIOGRAPHY AND FLUORESCENT MARKERS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 223: 79 (1984).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"121","volume":"223","year":"1984","unstructured":"MASLAND, R.H., THE FUNCTIONS OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE RABBIT RETINA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 223: 121 (1984).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"227","volume":"232","year":"1987","unstructured":"MASLAND, R.H., THE RESTING RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY A RETINAL NEURON, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 232: 227 (1987).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb11062.x","volume":"32","year":"1979","unstructured":"MASSEY, S.C., LIGHT EVOKED RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE FROM THE RABBIT RETINA INVIVO AND ITS INHIBITION BY GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID, JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 32: 1327 (1979).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"761","volume":"11","year":"1985","unstructured":"MCCOBB, D.P., SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS 11: 761 (1985).","journal-title":"SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. ABSTRACTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(86)90080-5","volume":"4","year":"1986","unstructured":"MCREYNOLDS, J.S., NEUROSCIENCE RES S 4: S153 (1986).","journal-title":"NEUROSCIENCE RES S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07420.x","volume":"55","year":"1975","unstructured":"NICOLL, R.A., ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE ANTAGONISTS ON AMINO-ACID RESPONSES IN FROG SPINAL-CORD INVITRO, BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 55: 449 (1975).","journal-title":"BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3603038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb12960.x","volume":"46","year":"1986","unstructured":"SHIMOHAMA, S, CHANGES IN NICOTINIC AND MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS IN ALZHEIMER-TYPE DEMENTIA, JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 46: 288 (1986).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90230-8","volume":"27","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tauck, D. L., Neuroscience 27: 193 (1988).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90819-X","volume":"371","year":"1986","unstructured":"WHITEHOUSE, P.J., NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE BINDING-SITES IN ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, BRAIN RESEARCH 371: 146 (1986).","journal-title":"BRAIN RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/305634a0"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.3344435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T03:58:27Z","timestamp":1705204707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.3344435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,3,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4845","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,3,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.3344435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.3344435","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,3,11]]}}}