{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:01:38Z","timestamp":1787162498068,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4790","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The protozoan\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    is one of the most important agents of African trypanosomiasis, a disease that hinders the productive use of livestock in one-third of the African continent.\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    is also present in the Caribbean and in South America, posing a threat to the livestock industries of the tropical and subtropical world. Much less is known of the biology of this trypanosome than of the better studied\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>\n                    . One of the variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) of a West African stock of\n                    <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified, purified, and partially characterized by the use of a combination of highly resolving techniques to maximize information from the relatively small amount of parasite material available. The molecular weight of the isolated protein (46,000) is smaller than that of VSGs from other species. As with\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    VSGs the protein from\n                    <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    is complexed with sugars and incorporates\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H when living trypanosomes are incubated with [\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H]myristic acid, but the\n                    <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    molecule is more hydrophobic than the\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    molecule. The small size of the\n                    <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    VSG may have a bearing on the functional and evolutionary relationships of variant antigens in trypanosomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3810164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T16:28:58Z","timestamp":1160065738000},"page":"774-777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Identification and Isolation of a Variant Surface Glycoprotein from\n                    <i>Trypanosoma vivax<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry W.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy M.","family":"Mutharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90229-4","volume":"85","year":"1978","unstructured":"ANDERSON, N.G., ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CELL FRACTIONS .21. 2-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF SERUM AND TISSUE PROTEINS - MULTIPLE ISOELECTRIC-FOCUSING, ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 85: 331 (1978).","journal-title":"ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90230-0","volume":"85","year":"1978","unstructured":"ANDERSON, N.L., ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CELL FRACTIONS .22. 2-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF SERUM AND TISSUE PROTEINS - MULTIPLE GRADIENT-SLAB GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 85: 341 (1978).","journal-title":"ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(83)80702-9","volume":"158","year":"1983","unstructured":"BALTZ, T.C., THE VARIANT SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS OF TRYPANOSOMA-EQUIPERDUM - IDENTIFICATION OF A PHOSPHORYLATED GLYCOPEPTIDE AS THE CROSS-REACTING ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT, FEBS LETTERS 158: 174 (1983).","journal-title":"FEBS LETTERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080586","volume":"83","year":"1981","unstructured":"BARBET, A.F., IDENTIFICATION OF THE FRAGMENT CONTAINING CROSS-REACTING ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS IN THE VARIABLE SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN OF TRYPANOSOMA-BRUCEI, PARASITOLOGY 83: 623 (1981).","journal-title":"PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"511","volume":"85","year":"1983","unstructured":"BARBET, A.F., PARASITOLOGY 85: 511 (1983).","journal-title":"PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001128","volume":"89","year":"1984","unstructured":"BARRY, J.D., ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN TRYPANOSOMA-VIVAX - ISOLATION OF A SERODEME, PARASITOLOGY 89: 49 (1984).","journal-title":"PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(82)80477-8","volume":"139","year":"1982","unstructured":"BOWLES, D.J., RELEASE OF THE SURFACE-COAT FROM THE PLASMA-MEMBRANE OF INTACT BLOOD-STREAM FORMS OF TRYPANOSOMA-BRUCEI REQUIRES CA2+, FEBS LETTERS 139: 17 (1982).","journal-title":"FEBS LETTERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(84)90477-9","volume":"142","year":"1984","unstructured":"CLARKE, M.W., PURIFICATION OF MAJOR VARIABLE-SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS FROM AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMES BY REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 142: 360 (1984).","journal-title":"ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(85)90125-2","volume":"17","year":"1985","unstructured":"CLARKE, M.W., RAPID PREPARATIVE SCALE PURIFICATION OF MYRISTYLATED VARIANT SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS FROM AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMES, MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY 17: 19 (1985).","journal-title":"MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"CLARKE M.W. 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