{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:13:13Z","timestamp":1777702393726,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4644","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n            was found to grow normally without producing glutathione and the main enzymes of glutathione metabolism, indicating that glutathione is not essential for many eukaryotic processes. This parasitic amoeba is an unusual eukaryote whose special features may help define the crucial functions of glutathione in those eukaryotes that do use it. Since\n            <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n            lacks mitochondria and the usual aerobic respiratory pathways, the finding that it grows without glutathione and other evidence support the hypothesis that a primary function of glutathione in eukaryotes involves protection against oxygen toxicity associated with mitochondria and suggest that eukaryotes may have acquired glutathione metabolism at the time that they acquired mitochondria.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6322306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T19:41:59Z","timestamp":1160077319000},"page":"70-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["<i>Entamoeba histolytica<\/i>\n            : a Eukaryote Without Glutathione Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald L.","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Arrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York 10021"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobie","family":"Overdank-Bogart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York 10021"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Aley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York 10021"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(75)90206-8","volume":"399","year":"1975","unstructured":"APONTOWEIL, P, ISOLATION AND INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLUTATHIONE-DEFICIENT MUTANTS OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 399: 10 (1975).","journal-title":"BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"201","volume":"11","year":"1951","unstructured":"BARRON, ESG, THIOL GROUPS OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE, ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED SUBJECTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY 11: 201 (1951).","journal-title":"ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED SUBJECTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0890471","volume":"89","year":"1963","unstructured":"CARNEGIE, P.R., STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF A HOMOLOGUE OF GLUTATHIONE, BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 89: 471 (1963).","journal-title":"BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"COLOWICK S GLUTATHIONE (1954)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1981.tb46513.x","volume":"361","year":"1981","unstructured":"DAYHOFF, M.O., EVIDENCE ON THE ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTIC MITOCHONDRIA FROM PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC-ACID SEQUENCES, ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 361: 92 (1981).","journal-title":"ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"251","year":"1983","unstructured":"FAHEY, R.C., FUNCTIONS GLUTATHION: 251 (1983).","journal-title":"FUNCTIONS GLUTATHION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.133.3.1126-1129.1978","volume":"133","year":"1978","unstructured":"FAHEY, R.C., OCCURRENCE OF GLUTATHIONE IN BACTERIA, JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 133: 1126 (1978).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6771870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.124.1.140-148.1975","volume":"124","year":"1975","unstructured":"FUCHS, J.A., ISOLATION OF AN ESCHERICHIA-COLI MUTANT DEFICIENT IN GLUTATHIONE SYNTHESIS, JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 124: 140 (1975).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(81)90055-2","volume":"52","year":"1981","unstructured":"GILLIN, F.D., ENTAMOEBA-HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA-LAMBLIA - EFFECTS OF CYSTEINE AND OXYGEN-TENSION ON TROPHOZOITE ATTACHMENT TO GLASS AND SURVIVAL IN CULTURE MEDIA, EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY 52: 9 (1981).","journal-title":"EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(81)90125-9","volume":"51","year":"1981","unstructured":"GILLIN, F.D., ENTAMOEBA-HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA-LAMBLIA - GROWTH-RESPONSES TO REDUCING AGENTS, EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY 51: 382 (1981).","journal-title":"EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"GRIFFITH O.W. COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"227","volume":"57","year":"1981","unstructured":"JONES, T.C., CURRENT RESEARCH IN AMEBIASIS, BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 57: 227 (1981).","journal-title":"BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"287","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kosower, E. M., Glutathione: 287 (1974).","journal-title":"Glutathione"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"277","year":"1981","unstructured":"Larsson, A., Transport and Inherited Disease: 277 (1981).","journal-title":"Transport and Inherited Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"205","year":"1981","unstructured":"Margulis, L., Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: 205 (1981).","journal-title":"Symbiosis in Cell Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Martinez-Palomo A. The Biology of Entameba Histolytica (1982)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431","volume":"52","year":"1983","unstructured":"MEISTER, A, GLUTATHIONE, ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY 52: 711 (1983).","journal-title":"ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"2210","volume":"42","year":"1983","unstructured":"MEISTER, A, EFFECT OF BUTHIONINE SULFOXIMINE AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS ON MITOCHONDRIAL GLUTATHIONE LEVELS, FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS 42: 2210 (1983).","journal-title":"FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"348","year":"1983","unstructured":"MEISTER, A, METABOLIC BASIS INHE: 348 (1983).","journal-title":"METABOLIC BASIS INHE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"101","year":"1975","unstructured":"MEISTER, A, METABOLISM SULFUR CO: 101 (1975).","journal-title":"METABOLISM SULFUR CO"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(83)90451-3","volume":"32","year":"1983","unstructured":"MEREDITH, M.J., DEPLETION INVITRO OF MITOCHONDRIAL GLUTATHIONE IN RAT HEPATOCYTES AND ENHANCEMENT OF LIPID-PEROXIDATION BY ADRIAMYCIN AND 1,3-BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)-1-NITROSOUREA (BCNU), BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY 32: 1383 (1983).","journal-title":"BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(81)90038-4","volume":"3","year":"1981","unstructured":"MURRAY, H.W., SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ENTAMOEBA-HISTOLYTICA TO OXYGEN INTERMEDIATES, MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY 3: 381 (1981).","journal-title":"MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90498-X","volume":"114","year":"1981","unstructured":"NEWTON, G.L., ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL THIOLS - DERIVATIZATION WITH MONOBROMOBIMANE AND SEPARATION BY REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 114: 383 (1981).","journal-title":"ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/180148a0","volume":"180","year":"1957","unstructured":"PRICE, C.A., NEW THIOL IN LEGUMES, NATURE 180: 148 (1957).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"383","volume":"9","year":"1931","unstructured":"RAPKINE, L, AM PHYSL CHIM BIOL 9: 383 (1931).","journal-title":"AM PHYSL CHIM BIOL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"547","year":"1978","unstructured":"REBHUN, L.I., CELL REPRODUCTION: 547 (1978).","journal-title":"CELL REPRODUCTION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42029-2","volume":"249","year":"1974","unstructured":"REEVES, R.E., PYROPHOSPHATE-D-FRUCTOSE 6-PHOSPHATE 1-PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE - NEW ENZYME WITH GLYCOLYTIC FUNCTION OF 6-PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 249: 7737 (1974).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.45.2.367","volume":"45","year":"1970","unstructured":"ROSENBAUM, R.M., ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BACTERIZED AND AXENIC TROPHOZOITES OF ENTAMOEBA-HISTOLYTICA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HELICAL BODIES, JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 45: 367 (1970).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50024a027","volume":"50","year":"1978","unstructured":"SAETRE, R, DETERMINATION OF PENICILLAMINE IN BLOOD AND URINE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 50: 276 (1978).","journal-title":"ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1981.tb02732.x","volume":"48","year":"1981","unstructured":"TUCKER, E.M., RED-CELL GLUTATHIONE DEFICIENCY - CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS USING SHEEP AS AN EXPERIMENTAL-MODEL SYSTEM, BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 48: 403 (1981).","journal-title":"BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"190","year":"1976","unstructured":"WEINBACH, E.C., P INT C AMEBIASIS: 190 (1976).","journal-title":"P INT C AMEBIASIS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"127","volume":"6","year":"1981","unstructured":"WEINBACK, E.C., J PARASITOL 6: 127 (1981).","journal-title":"J PARASITOL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/283212a0","volume":"283","year":"1980","unstructured":"WOESE, C.R., DO GENEALOGICAL PATTERNS IN PURPLE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA REFLECT INTERSPECIFIC GENE-TRANSFER, NATURE 283: 212 (1980).","journal-title":"NATURE"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.6322306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T22:47:52Z","timestamp":1705272472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.6322306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,4,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4644","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,4,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.6322306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.6322306","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,4,6]]}}}