{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:12:36Z","timestamp":1791565956361,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4531","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The larva of the blowfly<jats:italic>Cochliomyia hominivorax<\/jats:italic>, also known as the screwworm, eats the living flesh of cattle and sheep and other warm-blooded animals. A program to eradicate the screwworm in the United States was initiated in the 1950's. The program was very effective until 1968, but severe screwworm outbreaks occurred in 1972 to 1976 and in 1978. Although the program has again been effective since 1979, the possibility of outbreaks recurring in the future has highlighted the need for a broader understanding of the pest. Studies of screwworm populations in the United States and Mexico indicate that much of the genetic diversity of this insect is distributed among sympatric non-interbreeding populations. A new approach may be required to retain the effectiveness of the control program and to prevent a serious outbreak from threatening the economic viability of the U.S. livestock industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7199204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T18:30:32Z","timestamp":1160073032000},"page":"361-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Autocidal Control of Screwworms in North America"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"R. H.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin 78712"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin 78712"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. W.","family":"Averhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin 78712"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Grazing Industry Papers 1537-1940 1 (1935)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1094","volume":"69","year":"1972","unstructured":"AYALA, F.J., ALLOZYMES AS DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS OF SIBLING SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 69: 1094 (1972).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"21","volume":"34","year":"1953","unstructured":"Baker, R. E., Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 34 2 21 (1953).","journal-title":"Southwestern Social Science Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BEAL V.C. COMMUNICATION (3 2 1972).","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(72)90148-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"BEAL V.C. COMMUNICATION (30 5 1974)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BEAL V.C. COMMUNICATION (10 6 1974).","DOI":"10.3109\/00313027409068994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"BEAL V.C. COMMUNICATION (8 12 1972)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"BOND R COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1139\/z61-059","volume":"39","year":"1961","unstructured":"BOYES, J. W., CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 39: 549 (1961).","journal-title":"CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"BUSHLAND R.C. COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/46.4.648"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Bushland R. C. Systems for Stimulating the Development of Fundamental Research (1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1933.11684779","volume":"27","year":"1933","unstructured":"CUSHING, E.C., ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 27: 539 (1933).","journal-title":"ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Dobie J. F. The Longhorns (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"422","volume":"42","year":"1939","unstructured":"DOBIE, J.F., SOUTHWESTERN HISTORICAL QUARTERLY 42: 422 (1939).","journal-title":"SOUTHWESTERN HISTORICAL QUARTERLY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/69.1.119","volume":"69","year":"1971","unstructured":"ELLISON, J.R., CHROMOSOME VARIATION WITHIN DROSOPHILA-SIMULANS DETECTED BY QUINACRINE STAINING, GENETICS 69: 119 (1971).","journal-title":"GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"21","volume":"12","year":"1890","unstructured":"FRANCES, M, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 12: 21 (1890).","journal-title":"TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"GASSNER G COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"147","volume":"27","year":"1954","unstructured":"GILMOUR, JSL, GENETICA 27: 147 (1954).","journal-title":"GENETICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"258","volume":"4","year":"1979","unstructured":"GRAHAM, O.H., SW ENTOMOL 4: 258 (1979).","journal-title":"SW ENTOMOL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/71.2.199","volume":"71","year":"1978","unstructured":"GUILLOT, F.S., BEHAVIOR OF SEXUALLY ACTIVE MALE SCREWWORM FLIES (DIPTERA CALLIPHORIDAE), ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 71: 199 (1978).","journal-title":"ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"HALL D.G. BLOWFLIES N AM (1948)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.28.706.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"HASTINGS J.R. CHANGING MILE (1965)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"119","volume":"56","year":"1966","unstructured":"JOHNSON, F.M., AN ANALYSIS OF POLYMORPHISMS AMONG ISOZYME LOCI IN DARK AND LIGHT DROSOPHILA ANANASSAE STRAINS FROM AMERICAN AND WESTERN SAMOA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 56: 119 (1966).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"issue":"5721","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"246","year":"1957","unstructured":"KAUFMAN, G, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PUBLICATION 5721: 246 (1957).","journal-title":"UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PUBLICATION"},{"issue":"4365","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"409","year":"1958","unstructured":"KNIPLING, E.F., SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION REP PUBL 4365: 409 (1958).","journal-title":"SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION REP PUBL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"KNIPLING E.F. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 512 (1979)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/49.6.959","volume":"49","year":"1964","unstructured":"LACHANCE, L.E., RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION IN COCHLIOMYIA HOMINIVORAX ( DIPTERA - CALLIPHORIDAE ) GENETIC + CYTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR PREFERENTIAL SEGREGATION IN MALES, GENETICS 49: 959 (1964).","journal-title":"GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"LEHMANN V.W. FORGOTTEN LEGIONS (1969)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"MACKLEY J COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/86.3.665","volume":"86","year":"1977","unstructured":"MAKELA, M.E., DETECTION OF SYMPATRIC SIBLING SPECIES USING GENETIC CORRELATION ANALYSIS .1. 2 LOCI, 2 GAMODEMES, GENETICS 86: 665 (1977).","journal-title":"GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"49","year":"1978","unstructured":"Makela, M. E., The Screwworm Problem: 49 (1978).","journal-title":"The Screwworm Problem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"634","volume":"62","year":"1968","unstructured":"NELSON, D.R., J EC ENTOMOL 62: 634 (1968).","journal-title":"J EC ENTOMOL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"17","year":"1978","unstructured":"Novy, J. E., The Screwworm Problem: 17 (1978).","journal-title":"The Screwworm Problem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"PATTERSON J.T. EVOLUTION GENUS DROS (1955)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"PAVAN C COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"RICHARDSON R.H. AUTOCIDAL CONTROL SC (1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"RICHARDSON R.H. COMMUNICATION (1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Richardson R. H. The Screwworm Problem (1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"RICHARDSON R.H. unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Richardson R. H. Annual Report USDA Agreement No. 58-7B30-9-120 (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"11","year":"1978","unstructured":"Scruggs, C. G., The Screwworm Problem: 11 (1978).","journal-title":"The Screwworm Problem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"TURNER P.R. COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"TURNER P.W. COMMUNICATION."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"VASCO D unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"65","volume":"11","year":"1928","unstructured":"WAHLUND, S, Composition of populations and correlation appearances viewed in relation to the studies of inheritance, HEREDITAS 11: 65 (1928).","journal-title":"HEREDITAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"368","volume":"64","year":"1908","unstructured":"WEINBERG, W, JAHRESHEFTE DES VEREINS FUR VATERLANDISCHE NATURKUNDE IN WURTTEMBERG 64: 368 (1908).","journal-title":"JAHRESHEFTE DES VEREINS FUR VATERLANDISCHE NATURKUNDE IN WURTTEMBERG"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"WHITE L.D. PRESCRIBED RANGE BUR (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"192","year":"1981","unstructured":"WOODRUFF, D.S., EVOLUTION SPECIATION: 192 (1981).","journal-title":"EVOLUTION SPECIATION"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.7199204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T02:05:24Z","timestamp":1707271524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.7199204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,1,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4531","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,1,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.7199204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.7199204","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,1,22]]}}}