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A key principle at work in the vitamin K system can be termed \"base strength amplification.\" In the base strength amplification sequence, the free energy of oxygenation of vitamin K hydroquinone (vitamin KH2) is used to transform a weak base to a strong base in order to effect proton removal from selected glutamate (Glu) residues in the blood-clotting proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]],"date-time":"2006-10-27T18:19:42Z","timestamp":1161973182000},"page":"1684-1691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Vitamin K and Energy Transduction: A Base Strength Amplification Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Dowd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Hershline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Wook","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriram","family":"Naganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)43824-5","volume":"258","year":"1983","unstructured":"ANTON, D.L., FATE OF THE ACTIVATED GAMMA-CARBON-HYDROGEN BOND IN THE UNCOUPLED VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-TRANSFERASE CARBOXYLATION REACTION, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 258: 14084 (1983).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9209","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00049a075","volume":"114","year":"1992","unstructured":"ARNETT, E.M., THERMOCHEMICAL CONFIRMATION OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF VITAMIN-K, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 114: 9209 (1992).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00085.x","volume":"36","year":"1990","unstructured":"CABANISS, S.E., SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 1,1,4,4-BUTANETETRACARBOXYLIC ACID - A DI-GAMMA-CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID (GLAGLA) ANALOG, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 36: 79 (1990).","journal-title":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00244.x","volume":"35","year":"1990","unstructured":"CAIN, J.D., DIVALENT METAL-ION MEDIATED INTERACTION OF PROTEINS WITH NEGATIVELY CHARGED MEMBRANES - A MODEL STUDY EMPLOYING MOLECULAR MECHANICS, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 35: 111 (1990).","journal-title":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(80)90457-9","volume":"202","year":"1980","unstructured":"CANFIELD, L.M., VITAMIN-K-DEPENDENT CARBOXYLASE - PURIFICATION OF THE RAT-LIVER MICROSOMAL-ENZYME, ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 202: 515 (1980).","journal-title":"ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(87)91093-X","volume":"148","year":"1987","unstructured":"CANFIELD, L.M., VITAMIN-K-DEPENDENT OXYGENASE CARBOXYLASE - DIFFERENTIAL INACTIVATION BY SULFHYDRYL-REAGENTS, BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 148: 184 (1987).","journal-title":"BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00851a026","volume":"7","year":"1968","unstructured":"CARDINALE, G.J., PURIFICATION AND MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PROLINE RACEMASE, BIOCHEMISTRY 7: 3970 (1968).","journal-title":"BIOCHEMISTRY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"3","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cheung, A. 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