{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T17:35:34Z","timestamp":1771004134380,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5133","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been considerable debate about the ethics of human germ-line gene modification. As a result of recent advances in the micromanipulation of embryos and the laboratory development of transgenic mice, a lively discussion has begun concerning both the technical feasibility and the ethical acceptability of human germ-line modification for the prevention of serious disease. This article summarizes some of the recent research on germ-line gene modification in animal models. Certain monogenic deficiency diseases that ultimately might be candidates for correction by germ-line intervention are identified. Several of the most frequently considered ethical issues relative to human germ-line gene modification are considered in the context of professional ethics, parental responsibility, and public policy. Finally, it is suggested that there is merit in continuing the discussion about human germ-line intervention, so that this technique can be carefully compared with alternative strategies for preventing genetic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T23:05:09Z","timestamp":1160089509000},"page":"533-538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Germ-Line Gene Modification and Disease Prevention: Some Medical and Ethical Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Nelson A.","family":"Wivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LeRoy","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"21","volume":"20","year":"1990","unstructured":"HASTINGS CENTER REPORT 20 : 21 (1990).","journal-title":"HASTINGS CENTER REPORT"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/10.3.275","volume":"10","year":"1985","unstructured":"ANDERSON, W.F., HUMAN-GENE THERAPY - SCIENTIFIC AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 10: 275 (1985).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/14.6.681","volume":"14","year":"1989","unstructured":"ANDERSON, W.F., HUMAN-GENE THERAPY - WHY DRAW A LINE, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 14: 681 (1989).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198011273032210","volume":"303","year":"1980","unstructured":"ANDERSON, W.F., GENE-THERAPY IN HUMAN-BEINGS - WHEN IS IT ETHICAL TO BEGIN, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 303: 1293 (1980).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/16.6.667","volume":"16","year":"1991","unstructured":"BERGER, E.M., GENETIC-DISORDERS AND THE ETHICAL STATUS OF GERM-LINE GENE-THERAPY, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 16: 667 (1991).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"3709","volume":"86","year":"1989","unstructured":"BRADBURY, M.W., PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 86: 3709 (1989).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(90)90240-Z","volume":"25","year":"1990","unstructured":"BREESE, G.R., A DOPAMINE DEFICIENCY MODEL OF LESCH-NYHAN DISEASE - THE NEONATAL-6-OHDA-LESIONED RAT, BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN 25: 477 (1990).","journal-title":"BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"4438","volume":"82","year":"1985","unstructured":"BRINSTER, R.L., FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF INTRODUCING FOREIGN DNA INTO MICE BY MICROINJECTING EGGS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 82: 4438 (1985).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"128","year":"1992","unstructured":"Caplan, A. L., Gene Mapping: Using Law and Ethics as Guides: 128 (1992).","journal-title":"Gene Mapping: Using Law and Ethics as Guides"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.5.2099","volume":"16","year":"1988","unstructured":"CAVARD, C, CORRECTION OF MOUSE ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY BY GENE-TRANSFER INTO THE GERM LINE, NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH 16: 2099 (1988).","journal-title":"NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1990.1.2-163","volume":"1","year":"1990","unstructured":"COOKDEEGAN, R.M., HUMAN GENE-THERAPY AND CONGRESS, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 1: 163 (1990).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3461564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"6020","volume":"83","year":"1986","unstructured":"COVARRUBIAS, L, EARLY POSTIMPLANTATION EMBRYO LETHALITY DUE TO DNA REARRANGEMENTS IN A TRANSGENIC MOUSE STRAIN, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 83: 6020 (1986).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davenport C. B. Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911).","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.94524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"951","volume":"48","year":"1991","unstructured":"DAVIDSON, B.L., IDENTIFICATION OF 17 INDEPENDENT MUTATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN HYPOXANTHINE-GUANINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE (HPRT) DEFICIENCY, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 48: 951 (1991).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1992.3.4-361","volume":"3","year":"1992","unstructured":"DAVIS, B.D., GERM-LINE THERAPY - EVOLUTIONARY AND MORAL CONSIDERATIONS, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 3: 361 (1992).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/359211a0","volume":"359","year":"1992","unstructured":"DORIN, J.R., CYSTIC-FIBROSIS IN THE MOUSE BY TARGETED INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS, NATURE 359: 211 (1992).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"371","volume":"51","year":"1992","unstructured":"DRUCKER, L, IDENTIFICATION AND RAPID DETECTION OF 3 TAY-SACHS MUTATIONS IN THE MOROCCAN JEWISH POPULATION, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 51: 371 (1992).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duster T. Backdoor to Eugenics (1990).","DOI":"10.2307\/2580099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"142","year":"1992","unstructured":"Elias, S., Gene Mapping: Using Law and Ethics as Guides: 142 (1992).","journal-title":"Gene Mapping: Using Law and Ethics as Guides"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1990.1.1-55","volume":"1","year":"1990","unstructured":"FLETCHER, J.C., EVOLUTION OF ETHICAL DEBATE ABOUT HUMAN GENE-THERAPY, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 1: 55 (1990).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.1992.tb01171.x","volume":"20","year":"1992","unstructured":"FLETCHER, J. C., LAW MED HLTH CARE 20: 26 (1992).","journal-title":"LAW MED HLTH CARE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2307\/1072768","volume":"69","year":"1983","unstructured":"FLETCHER, J. C., VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW 69: 515 (1983).","journal-title":"VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00539880","volume":"10","year":"1989","unstructured":"FOWLER, G, THEORETICAL MEDICINE 10: 151 (1989).","journal-title":"THEORETICAL MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000112164","volume":"13","year":"1991","unstructured":"GIESELMANN, V, MOLECULAR-GENETICS OF METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY, DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE 13: 222 (1991).","journal-title":"DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320350213","volume":"35","year":"1990","unstructured":"GORDON, J.W., MICROMANIPULATION OF EMBRYOS AND GERM-CELLS - AN APPROACH TO GENE-THERAPY, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 35: 206 (1990).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(83)01031-9","volume":"101","year":"1983","unstructured":"GORDON, J.W., GENE-TRANSFER INTO MOUSE EMBRYOS - PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC MICE BY PRONUCLEAR INJECTION, METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 101: 411 (1983).","journal-title":"METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"7380","volume":"77","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gordon, J. W., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77: 7380 (1980).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/343183a0","volume":"343","year":"1990","unstructured":"GREAVES, D.R., A TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF SICKLE-CELL DISORDER, NATURE 343: 183 (1990).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Haller M. H. Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (1963)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Hamilton M. The New Genetics and the Future of Man (1972)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/311065a0","volume":"311","year":"1984","unstructured":"HAMMER, R.E., PARTIAL CORRECTION OF MURINE HEREDITARY GROWTH DISORDER BY GERM-LINE INCORPORATION OF A NEW GENE, NATURE 311: 65 (1984).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/326292a0","volume":"326","year":"1987","unstructured":"HOOPER, M, HPRT-DEFICIENT (LESCH-NYHAN) MOUSE EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM GERMLINE COLONIZATION BY CULTURED-CELLS, NATURE 326: 292 (1987).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE199102413","volume":"2","year":"1991","unstructured":"HOWELL, J. D., JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS 2: 274 (1991).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/16.6.587","volume":"16","year":"1991","unstructured":"JUENGST, E. T., JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 16: 587 (1991).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Kevles D. J. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (1985)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320390215","volume":"39","year":"1991","unstructured":"KLOSS, K, CHARACTERIZATION OF DELETIONS AT THE RETINOBLASTOMA LOCUS IN PATIENTS WITH BILATERAL RETINOBLASTOMA, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 39: 196 (1991).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Knoppers B. M. Human Dignity and Genetic Heritage: Study Paper (1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.4.820"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/326295a0","volume":"326","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kuehn, M. R., Nature 326:295 (1987).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"3914","volume":"87","year":"1990","unstructured":"KYLE, J.W., CORRECTION OF MURINE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS-VII BY A HUMAN BETA-GLUCURONIDASE TRANSGENE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 87: 3914 (1990).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/16.6.613","volume":"16","year":"1991","unstructured":"LAPPE, M, J MED PHILOS 16: 613 (1991).","journal-title":"J MED PHILOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(64)90104-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"CH1","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lifton, R. J., The Nazi Doctors: CH1 (1986).","journal-title":"The Nazi Doctors"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"135","volume":"4","year":"1993","unstructured":"LIPPMAN, A, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 4: 135 (1993).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198111053051902","volume":"305","year":"1981","unstructured":"LLOYD, K.G., BIOCHEMICAL-EVIDENCE OF DYSFUNCTION OF BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 305: 1106 (1981).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/345727a0","volume":"345","year":"1990","unstructured":"LUND, T, PREVENTION OF INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS IN NONOBESE DIABETIC MICE BY TRANSGENES ENCODING MODIFIED I-A BETA-CHAIN OR NORMAL I-E ALPHA-CHAIN, NATURE 345: 727 (1990).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"1165","volume":"85","year":"1988","unstructured":"MAHON, K.A., PRENATAL LETHALITY IN A TRANSGENIC MOUSE LINE IS THE RESULT OF A CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85: 1165 (1988).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3097822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"47","volume":"65","year":"1980","unstructured":"MATSUNAGA, E, HEREDITARY RETINOBLASTOMA - HOST-RESISTANCE AND 2ND PRIMARY TUMORS, JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE 65: 47 (1980).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/16.6.649","volume":"16","year":"1991","unstructured":"MAURON, A, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 16: 649 (1991).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","first-page":"3955","volume":"85","year":"1988","unstructured":"MEYEROWITZ, R, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85: 3955 (1988).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1990.1.1-3","volume":"1","year":"1990","unstructured":"MILLER, H.I., HUMAN GENE-THERAPY - PART OF A THERAPEUTIC CONTINUUM, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 1: 3 (1990).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1990.1.2-125","volume":"1","year":"1990","unstructured":"MOOLTEN, F.L., LYMPHOMA REGRESSION INDUCED BY GANCICLOVIR IN MICE BEARING A HERPES THYMIDINE KINASE TRANSGENE, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 1: 125 (1990).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/16.6.641","volume":"16","year":"1991","unstructured":"MOSELEY, R, MAINTAINING THE SOMATIC GERM-LINE DISTINCTION - SOME ETHICAL DRAWBACKS - COMMENTARY, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 16: 641 (1991).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1959.0043","volume":"3","year":"1959","unstructured":"MULLER, H.J., PERSPECT BIOL MED 3: 1 (1959).","journal-title":"PERSPECT BIOL MED"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1993.4.2-127","volume":"4","year":"1993","unstructured":"NEEL, J.V., GERM-LINE GENE-THERAPY - ANOTHER VIEW, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 4: 127 (1993).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.157.3789.633"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3006249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01534853","volume":"10","year":"1984","unstructured":"PATEL, P. I., SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 10: 483 (1984).","journal-title":"SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.20.120186.002341","volume":"20","year":"1986","unstructured":"PALMITER, R.D., GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION OF MICE, ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS 20: 465 (1986).","journal-title":"ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/300611a0","volume":"300","year":"1982","unstructured":"PALMITER, R.D., DRAMATIC GROWTH OF MICE THAT DEVELOP FROM EGGS MICRO-INJECTED WITH METALLOTHIONEINE-GROWTH HORMONE FUSION GENES, NATURE 300: 611 (1982).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402370307","volume":"237","year":"1986","unstructured":"PRATHER, R. S., JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 237: 347 (1986).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Proctor R. N. Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (1988)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Ramsey P. Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control (1970)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90248-0","volume":"48","year":"1987","unstructured":"READHEAD, C, EXPRESSION OF A MYELIN BASIC-PROTEIN GENE IN TRANSGENIC SHIVERER MICE - CORRECTION OF THE DYSMYELINATING PHENOTYPE, CELL 48: 703 (1987).","journal-title":"CELL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","unstructured":"Reilly P. R. The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States (1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"285","volume":"24","year":"1987","unstructured":"SCANGOS, G, ADVANCES IN GENETICS INCORPORATING MOLECULAR GENETIC MEDICINE 24: 285 (1987).","journal-title":"ADVANCES IN GENETICS INCORPORATING MOLECULAR GENETIC MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.155.3770.1682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2662404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90562-7","volume":"34","year":"1983","unstructured":"SKOW, L.C., A MOUSE MODEL FOR BETA-THALASSEMIA, CELL 34: 1043 (1983).","journal-title":"CELL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/317230a0","volume":"317","year":"1985","unstructured":"SMITHIES, O, INSERTION OF DNA-SEQUENCES INTO THE HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL BETA-GLOBIN LOCUS BY HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION, NATURE 317: 230 (1985).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(93)90204-U","volume":"9","year":"1993","unstructured":"SMITHIES, O, ANIMAL-MODELS OF HUMAN GENETIC-DISEASES, TRENDS IN GENETICS 9: 112 (1993).","journal-title":"TRENDS IN GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5073.1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3024318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Stanbury J. B. Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease 6 881 (1989)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","first-page":"567","volume":"47","year":"1990","unstructured":"TANAKA, A, A NEW POINT MUTATION IN THE BETA-HEXOSAMINIDASE-ALPHA SUBUNIT GENE RESPONSIBLE FOR INFANTILE TAY-SACHS DISEASE IN A NON-JEWISH CAUCASIAN PATIENT (A KPN MUTANT), AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 47: 567 (1990).","journal-title":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","first-page":"49","volume":"142","year":"1993","unstructured":"TOUFEXIS, A, TIME 142: 49 (1993).","journal-title":"TIME"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/305707a0","volume":"305","year":"1983","unstructured":"TROUNSON, A, HUMAN-PREGNANCY FOLLOWING CRYOPRESERVATION, THAWING AND TRANSFER OF AN 8-CELL EMBRYO, NATURE 305: 707 (1983).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/357407a0","volume":"357","year":"1992","unstructured":"TYBULEWICZ, VLJ, ANIMAL-MODEL OF GAUCHERS-DISEASE FROM TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE MOUSE GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE GENE, NATURE 357: 407 (1992).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","first-page":"6148","volume":"82","year":"1985","unstructured":"VANDERPUTTEN, H, EFFICIENT INSERTION OF GENES INTO THE MOUSE GERM LINE VIA RETROVIRAL VECTORS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 82: 6148 (1985).","journal-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","first-page":"1","volume":"52","year":"1979","unstructured":"VOGEL, F, GENETICS OF RETINOBLASTOMA, HUMAN GENETICS 52: 1 (1979).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENETICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1991.2.2-115","volume":"2","year":"1991","unstructured":"WALTERS, L, HUMAN GENE-THERAPY - ETHICS AND PUBLIC-POLICY, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 2: 115 (1991).","journal-title":"HUMAN GENE THERAPY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE199102412","volume":"2","year":"1991","unstructured":"WALTERS, L, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS 2: 267 (1991).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/320225a0","volume":"320","year":"1986","unstructured":"WALTERS, L, THE ETHICS OF HUMAN-GENE THERAPY, NATURE 320: 225 (1986).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/331013a0","volume":"331","year":"1988","unstructured":"WEATHERALL, D.J., MEDICAL GENETICS - THE SLOW ROAD TO GENE-THERAPY, NATURE 331: 13 (1988).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/349275a0","volume":"349","year":"1991","unstructured":"WEATHERALL, D.J., GENE-THERAPY IN PERSPECTIVE, NATURE 349: 275 (1991).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"Weindling P. Health Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism (1989)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"Wolstenholme G. Man and His Future (1963)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/16.6.593","volume":"16","year":"1991","unstructured":"ZIMMERMAN, B.K., HUMAN GERM-LINE THERAPY - THE CASE FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT AND USE, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 16: 593 (1991).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"Ludmerer K. M. Genetics and American Society: A Historical Appraisal (1972)."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.8211180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T10:40:26Z","timestamp":1705315226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.8211180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,22]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5133","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.8211180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.8211180","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,22]]}}}