{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:28:34Z","timestamp":1787016514724,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"4268","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of enteric communicable diseases in 77 kibbutzim (agricultural communal settlements) practicing wastewater spray irrigation with partially treated nondisinfected oxidation pond effluent is compared with that in 130 kibbutzim practicing no form of wastewater irrigation. The incidence of shigellosis, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, and infectious hepatitis is two to four times higher in communities practicing wastewater irrigation. No significant differences are found for the incidence of streptococcal infections, tuberculosis, and laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza. Nor are differences found for enteric disease rates during the winter nonirrigation season. Strong wastewater treatment measures, including effective bacterial and viral inactivation through disinfection, are recommended for all cases of sewage irrigation or land disposal near residential areas in light of the potential public health risks involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.982051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T11:51:28Z","timestamp":1160049088000},"page":"944-946","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Risk of Communicable Disease Infection Associated with Wastewater Irrigation in Agricultural Settlements"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Eliyahu","family":"Katzenelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzhack","family":"Buium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillel I.","family":"Shuval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3951.1218","volume":"169","year":"1970","unstructured":"ADAMS, A.P., COLIFORM AEROSOLS EMITTED BY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, SCIENCE 169: 1218 (1970).","journal-title":"SCIENCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1061\/JEEGAV.0000474","volume":"102","year":"1976","unstructured":"CLARK, C. S., JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION-ASCE 102: 375 (1976).","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION-ASCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"2741","volume":"47","year":"1975","unstructured":"HICKEY, JLS, HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES .1. SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS, JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION 47: 2741 (1975).","journal-title":"JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"2758","volume":"47","year":"1975","unstructured":"HICKEY, J. L. S., JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION 47: 2758 (1975).","journal-title":"JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"710","volume":"48","year":"1976","unstructured":"KATZENELSON, E, DISPERSION OF ENTERIC BACTERIA BY SPRAY IRRIGATION, JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION 48: 710 (1976).","journal-title":"JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/00139307309436599","volume":"4","year":"1973","unstructured":"LEDBETTER, J.O., HEALTH HAZARDS FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRACTICES, ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS 4: 225 (1973).","journal-title":"ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"241","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sorber, C. A., Virus Survival in Water and Wastewater Systems: 241 (1974).","journal-title":"Virus Survival in Water and Wastewater Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"204","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sorber, C. A., Proceedings of the 197S Sprinkler Irrigation Technical Conference: 204 (1975).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 197S Sprinkler Irrigation Technical Conference"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.982051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T11:36:49Z","timestamp":1705318609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.982051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1976,11,26]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4268","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,11,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.982051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.982051","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1976,11,26]]}}}