{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:56:29Z","timestamp":1791572189723,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6303","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA Dawn at Ceres Guest Investigator Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNH15AZ85I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH15AZ85I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Classic volcanism prevalent on terrestrial planets and volatile-poor protoplanets, such as asteroid Vesta, is based on silicate chemistry and is often expressed by volcanic edifices (unless erased by impact bombardment). In ice-rich bodies with sufficiently warm interiors, cryovolcanism involving liquid brines can occur. Smooth plains on some icy satellites of the outer solar system have been suggested as possibly cryovolcanic in origin. However, evidence for cryovolcanic edifices has proven elusive. Ceres is a volatile-rich dwarf planet with an average equatorial surface temperature of ~160 K. Whether this small (~940 km diameter) body without tidal dissipation could sustain cryovolcanism has been an open question because the surface landforms and relation to internal activity were unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RATIONALE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Framing Camera onboard the Dawn spacecraft has observed &gt;99% of Ceres\u2019 surface at a resolution of 35 m\/pixel at visible wavelengths. This wide coverage and resolution were exploited for geologic mapping and age determination. Observations with a resolution of 135 m\/pixel were obtained under several different viewing geometries. The stereo-photogrammetric method applied to this data set allowed the calculation of a digital terrain model, from which morphometry was investigated. The observations revealed a 4-km-high topographic relief, named Ahuna Mons, that is consistent with a cryovolcanic dome emplacement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ~17-km-wide and 4-km-high Ahuna Mons has a distinct size, shape, and morphology. Its summit topography is concave downward, and its flanks are at the angle of repose. The morphology is characterized by (i) troughs, ridges, and hummocky areas at the summit, indicating multiple phases of activity, such as extensional fracturing, and (ii) downslope lineations on the flanks, indicating rockfalls and accumulation of slope debris. These morphometric and morphologic observations are explained by the formation of a cryovolcanic dome, which is analogous to a high-viscosity silicic dome on terrestrial planets. Models indicate that extrusions of a highly viscous melt-bearing material can lead to the buildup of a brittle carapace at the summit, enclosing a ductile core. Partial fracturing and disintegration of the carapace generates slope debris, and relaxation of the dome\u2019s ductile core due to gravity shapes the topographic profile of the summit. Modeling of this final phase of dome relaxation and reproduction of the topographic profile requires an extruded material of high viscosity, which is consistent with the mountain\u2019s morphology. We constrained the age of the most recent activity on Ahuna Mons to be within the past 210 \u00b1 30 million years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryovolcanic activity during the geologically recent past of Ceres constrains its thermal and chemical history. We propose that hydrated salts with low eutectic temperatures and low thermal conductivities enabled the presence of cryomagmatic liquids within Ceres. These salts are the product of global aqueous alteration, a key process for Ceres\u2019 evolution as recorded by the aqueously altered, secondary minerals observed on the surface.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:fig fig-type=\"figure\" orientation=\"portrait\" position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:caption>\n                        <jats:title>Perspective view of Ahuna Mons on Ceres from Dawn Framing Camera data (no vertical exaggeration).<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The mountain is 4 km high and 17 km wide in this south-looking view. Fracturing is observed on the mountain\u2019s top, whereas streaks from rockfalls dominate the flanks.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:caption>\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" orientation=\"portrait\" position=\"float\" xlink:href=\"353_aaf4286_fa.jpeg\"\/>\n                    <\/jats:fig>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T14:54:29Z","timestamp":1472741669000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Cryovolcanism on Ceres"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"353","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Ruesch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\/Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Greenbelt, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Platz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, Houston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"McFadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Castillo-Rogez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. C.","family":"Quick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Preusker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. P.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Schmedemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.-Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Hiesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Planetologie, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnster, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kneissl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Neesemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Pasckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Planetologie, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnster, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. E.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. L.","family":"Buczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. V.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nathues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Roatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. T.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4219"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18955"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16172"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E004887","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JE004887","article-title":"Thermal stability of ice on Ceres with rough topography","volume":"120","author":"Hayne P. O.","year":"2015","unstructured":"HayneP. O.AharonsonO., Thermal stability of ice on Ceres with rough topography. J. Geophys. Res. 120, E004887 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(91)90235-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00613296"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35065027"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-010-9649-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Stephan R. Jaumann R. Wagner Geology of icy bodies in Science of Solar System ices M.S. Gudipati J. Castillo-Rogez Eds. (Springer 2013) pp. 279\u2013370.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3076-6_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002128"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-011-9745-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4332"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4759"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB03736"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2010.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265423"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2007.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-764903-102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Blake Viscoplastic models of lava domes in Lava Flows and Domes J. H. Fink Ed. (Springer 1990) pp. 88\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74379-5_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. W. Anderson J. H. Fink The development and distribution of surface textures at the Mount St. Helens dome in Lava Flows and Domes J. H. Fink Ed. (Springer 1990) pp. 25\u201346.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74379-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1998)110<1258:BSDOSL>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1212"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. M. Iverson Lava domes modeled as brittle shells that enclose pressurized magma with application to Mount St. Helens in Lava Flows and Domes J. H. Fink Ed. (Springer 1990) pp. 47\u201369.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74379-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112082001797"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(92)90072-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"Origin of nearside structural and geochemical anomalies on the Moon","volume":"477","author":"Schultz P. H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"SchultzP. H.CrawfordD. A., Origin of nearside structural and geochemical anomalies on the Moon. GSA Special Papers 477, 141\u2013159 (2011).","journal-title":"GSA Special Papers"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18290"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","first-page":"596","article-title":"Melting behavior of fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite crystals in the systems NaCl\u2013H2O, NaCl\u2013KCl\u2013H2O, NaCl\u2013MgCl2\u2013H2O, and NaCl\u2013CaCl2\u2013H2O","volume":"54","author":"Davis D. W.","year":"1990","unstructured":"DavisD. W.LowensteinT. K.SpencerR. J., Melting behavior of fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite crystals in the systems NaCl\u2013H2O, NaCl\u2013KCl\u2013H2O, NaCl\u2013MgCl2\u2013H2O, and NaCl\u2013CaCl2\u2013H2O. Geo. Cosm. Acta 54, 596\u2013601 (1990).","journal-title":"Geo. Cosm. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94GL01041"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044398"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-010-9637-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.75.9.1127"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2011.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201526349"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","unstructured":"A. B. Watts Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere (Cambridge Univ. Press 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8205\/817\/2\/L22"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JE02638"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021134128038"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4914.195-a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. L. Turcotte G. Schubert Geodynamics (Cambridge Univ. Press ed. 3 2014).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511843877"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB095iB02p01255"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JE002244"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.aaf4286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T12:38:54Z","timestamp":1705322334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aaf4286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6303","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.aaf4286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf4286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"article-number":"aaf4286"}}