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We demonstrate that bumblebees exhibit dopamine-dependent positive emotion\u2013like states across behavioral contexts. After training with one rewarding and one unrewarding cue, bees that received pretest sucrose responded in a positive manner toward ambiguous cues. In a second experiment, pretest consumption of sucrose solution resulted in a shorter time to reinitiate foraging after a simulated predator attack. These behavioral changes were abolished with topical application of the dopamine antagonist fluphenazine. Further experiments established that pretest sucrose does not simply cause bees to become more exploratory. Our findings present a new opportunity for understanding the fundamental neural elements of emotions and may alter the view of how emotion states affect decision-making in animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T14:19:04Z","timestamp":1475158744000},"page":"1529-1531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Unexpected rewards induce dopamine-dependent positive emotion\u2013like state changes in bumblebees"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"353","author":[{"given":"Cwyn","family":"Solvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Baciadonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Chittka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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