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Laboratory experiments, however, often study evolution in well-mixed systems. Here, we introduce an experimental device, the microbial evolution and growth arena (MEGA)\u2013plate, in which bacteria spread and evolved on a large antibiotic landscape (120 \u00d7 60 centimeters) that allowed visual observation of mutation and selection in a migrating bacterial front. While resistance increased consistently, multiple coexisting lineages diversified both phenotypically and genotypically. Analyzing mutants at and behind the propagating front, we found that evolution is not always led by the most resistant mutants; highly resistant mutants may be trapped behind more sensitive lineages. The MEGA-plate provides a versatile platform for studying microbial adaption and directly visualizing evolutionary dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag0822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T15:07:36Z","timestamp":1473347256000},"page":"1147-1151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":580,"title":["Spatiotemporal microbial evolution on antibiotic landscapes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"353","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Baym","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tami D.","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Kelsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remy","family":"Chait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rotem","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idan","family":"Yelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Kishony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel."},{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bp990084j"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2013.57"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805965105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710150104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.088101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117716109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/239500a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607651104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11879"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421515112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00267667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.8.2189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4310-4312.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.8.2216-2223.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"265","article-title":"Bacterial evolution and the cost of antibiotic resistance","volume":"1","author":"Lenski R. 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