{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:46:48Z","timestamp":1793407608212,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6427","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ChAT-ty T cells fight viral infection<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in processes such as muscle contraction, neuron communication, and vasodilation. Along with neurons, a population of immunological T cells and B cells express the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of ACh production. However, the role of immune cell\u2013derived ACh is unclear. Cox\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    report that the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) induces ChAT expression in CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (see the Perspective by Hickman). T cell\u2013specific deletion of ChAT strongly impaired vasodilation and trafficking of antiviral T cells into infected tissues, which undermined the effective control of a chronic viral infection. Thus, IL-21 plays a critical role during chronic infection. Furthermore, the findings reveal a cholinergic mechanism that can regulate immune cell migration into tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Science<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this issue p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6427\" page=\"639\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"363\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.aau9072\">639<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ; see also p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6427\" page=\"585\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"363\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.aaw3618\">585<\/jats:related-article>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau9072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T19:09:23Z","timestamp":1549566563000},"page":"639-644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Choline acetyltransferase\u2013expressing T cells are required to control chronic viral infection"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"363","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8030-3340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maureen A.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon S.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria H. Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa X.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg."},{"name":"Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke N.","family":"Buckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8619-1415","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Wakeham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Nieman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada."},{"name":"Ontario Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Dominguez-Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha R.","family":"Elford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-3473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyle T.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn P.","family":"Kubli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-6705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jillian","family":"Haight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela S.","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-6314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3473-5948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peder S.","family":"Olofsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA."},{"name":"Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-861X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tak 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