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Smallpox killed millions of people but drove Jenner's invention of vaccination, which eventually led to the annihilation of this virus, declared in 1980. To investigate the history of smallpox, M\u00fchlemann\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    obtained high-throughput shotgun sequencing data from 1867 human remains ranging from &gt;31,000 to 150 years ago (see the Perspective by Alcam\u00ed). Thirteen positive samples emerged, 11 of which were northern European Viking Age people (6th to 7th century CE). Although the sequences were patchy and incomplete, four could be used to infer a phylogenetic tree. This showed distinct Viking Age lineages with multiple gene inactivations. The analysis pushes back the date of the earliest variola infection in humans by \u223c1000 years and reveals the existence of a previously unknown virus clade.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Science<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this issue p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.aaw8977\">eaaw8977<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ; see also p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6502\" page=\"376\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"369\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.abd1214\">376<\/jats:related-article>\n                  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