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A high-fat diet is associated with the occurrence of microbes that catabolize choline and the accumulation of trimethylamine\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -oxide (TMAO) in the bloodstream, a contributing factor for heart disease. Yoo\n                    <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                    . explored the microbial organisms and pathways that convert choline into TMAO in mice. Although gene clusters for choline metabolism are found widely among the microbiota, it is only the facultative anaerobes that become abundant in hosts on a high-fat diet. A high-fat diet impairs mitochondrial uptake of oxygen into host enterocytes and elevates nitrate in the mucus, which in turn weakens healthy anaerobic gut function. 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