{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:20:01Z","timestamp":1790630401626,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6534","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AT009741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AT009741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI127548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI127548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001063","name":"Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Foundation of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Fungal aggravation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The gut microbiota includes not only prokaryotes, viruses, protists, and occasionally helminths, but also fungi. The role that fungi play in this symbiosis has long been overlooked. While investigating alterations to the gut microbiota in mice with mucosal damage and human subjects with Crohn's disease, Jain\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    discovered the fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Debaryomyces hansenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    localized to wounds in inflamed mucosal tissue (see the Perspective by Chiaro and Round). Impaired healing was associated with antibiotic treatment, overgrowth of the fungus, and subsequent induction of a type I interferon\u2013CCL5 axis by macrophages. The fungus was observed within macrophages. Such persistent injury stimulus is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It is not known whether this salt-tolerant fungus is a natural symbiont, but it is used in the food industry for surface ripening of cheese and meat products.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Science<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this issue p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6534\" page=\"1154\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"371\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.abd0919\">1154<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ; see also p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6534\" page=\"1102\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"371\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.abg6017\">1102<\/jats:related-article>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T15:05:19Z","timestamp":1615475119000},"page":"1154-1159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["<i>Debaryomyces<\/i>\n                    is enriched in Crohn\u2019s disease intestinal tissue and impairs healing in mice"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"371","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0220-8230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Umang","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3386-8351","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Ver Heul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-4600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6656-9828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1709-7430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elora G.","family":"Demers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin T.","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7691-009X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chin-Wen","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0044-3704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Muegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0707-2659","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Derek A. 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Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dermot P. B.","family":"McGovern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-658X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M.","family":"Underhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. 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