{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:26:27Z","timestamp":1792304787097,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6593","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Controlling behavior to flexibly achieve desired goals depends on the ability to monitor one\u2019s own performance. It is unknown how performance monitoring can be both flexible, to support different tasks, and specialized, to perform each task well. We recorded single neurons in the human medial frontal cortex while subjects performed two tasks that involve three types of cognitive conflict. Neurons encoding conflict probability, conflict, and error in one or both tasks were intermixed, forming a representational geometry that simultaneously allowed task specialization and generalization. Neurons encoding conflict retrospectively served to update internal estimates of conflict probability. Population representations of conflict were compositional. These findings reveal how representations of evaluative signals can be both abstract and task-specific and suggest a neuronal mechanism for estimating control demand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm9922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T13:57:36Z","timestamp":1651759056000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["The geometry of domain-general performance monitoring in the human medial frontal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"376","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-6284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhongzheng","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"name":"Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-6621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danielle","family":"Beam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-3645","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chrystal M.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4245-6431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam N.","family":"Mamelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8053-9692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ralph","family":"Adolphs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"name":"Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9207-7069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ueli","family":"Rutishauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"name":"Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"name":"Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.12.2082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4299-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523669113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav8911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00851-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb0184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0502-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2004.00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13526"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407535111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35077500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16908-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070815-013952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0309-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35048576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4151-04.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1346-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0310-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.121.4.480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-011-0083-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0051-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2360-17.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1722"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011204814320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Fu D. Beam J. M. Chung C. M. Reed A. N. Mamelak R. Adolphs U. Rutishauser Data for: The geometry of domain-general performance monitoring in the human medial frontal cortex Open Science Framework (2022); https:\/\/osf.io\/42r9c\/.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.08.451594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0458-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1199-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2013.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","first-page":"1873","article-title":"Sequential effects: Superstition or rational behavior?","volume":"21","author":"Yu A. J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. J. Yu, J. D. Cohen, Sequential effects: Superstition or rational behavior?Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 21, 1873\u20131880 (2008). 26412953","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2009.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","first-page":"1593","article-title":"The No-U-Turn Sampler: Adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo","volume":"15","author":"Hoffman M. D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. D. Hoffman, A. Gelman, The No-U-Turn Sampler: Adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 15, 1593\u20131623 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","unstructured":"Stan Development Team Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual (2022); https:\/\/mc-stan.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","first-page":"733","article-title":", Posterior predictive assessment of model fitness via realized discrepancies","volume":"6","author":"Gelman A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"A. Gelman, X.-L. Meng, H. Stern , Posterior predictive assessment of model fitness via realized discrepancies. Stat. Sin. 6 733\u2013807 (1996).","journal-title":"Stat. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-016-9696-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.49.1685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.abm9922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T18:19:12Z","timestamp":1705342752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abm9922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6593","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.abm9922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abm9922","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.08.451594","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"article-number":"eabm9922"}}