{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:08:13Z","timestamp":1790431693419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6612","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The origin of Saturn\u2019s ~26.7\u00b0 obliquity and ~100-million-year-old rings is unknown. The observed rapid outward migration of Saturn\u2019s largest satellite, Titan, could have raised Saturn\u2019s obliquity through a spin-orbit precession resonance with Neptune. We use Cassini data to refine estimates of Saturn\u2019s moment of inertia, finding that it is just outside the range required for the resonance. We propose that Saturn previously had an additional satellite, which we name Chrysalis, that caused Saturn\u2019s obliquity to increase through the Neptune resonance. Destabilization of Chrysalis\u2019s orbit ~100 million years ago can then explain the proximity of the system to the resonance and the formation of the rings through a grazing encounter with Saturn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn1234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T13:58:42Z","timestamp":1663250322000},"page":"1285-1289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Loss of a satellite could explain Saturn\u2019s obliquity and young rings"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"377","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6142-0653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jack","family":"Wisdom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-1647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rola","family":"Dbouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7092-5629","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Burkhard","family":"Militzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-4538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William B.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3573-5915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francis","family":"Nimmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-5185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brynna G.","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9858-9532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard G.","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"2501","article-title":"Tilting Saturn. I. Analytic model","volume":"128","author":"Ward W. R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"W. R. Ward, D. P. Hamilton, Tilting Saturn. I. Analytic model. Astrophys. J. 128, 2501\u20132509 (2004).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.aa.20.090182.001341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat2965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-019-0876-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.10.050182.000425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"G. Cassini Traite de L\u2019origine ede Progres de L\u2019Astronomie (Paris 1693)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/110825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/361608a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.259.5099.1294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.189.4200.377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-01284-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-1120-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/113820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/774\/2\/148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/768\/1\/43"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab23f0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2015.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1998.6064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(91)90089-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/150\/5\/157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/137\/3\/3706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"5411","article-title":"Secular resonance between Iapetus and the giant planets","volume":"481","author":"\u0106uk M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. \u0106uk, L. Dones, D. Nesvorn\u00fd, K. J. Walsh, Secular resonance between Iapetus and the giant planets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481, 5411\u20135421 (2018).","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(91)90045-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/160.2.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/300731a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"J. Wisdom R. Dbouk B. Militzer W. B. Hubbard F. Nimmo B. G. Downey R. G. French SaturnObliquityRings Harvard Dataverse Repository (2022); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/RJZXGW.10.7910\/DVN\/RJZXGW"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"J. Wisdom NbodySatellites Zenodo (2022); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6960630."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology NAIF Planetary Data System Navigation Node; ftp:\/\/ssd.jpl.nasa.gov\/pub\/eph\/planets\/bsp\/de440.bsp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology NAIF Planetary Data System Navigation Node; ftp:\/\/ssd.jpl.nasa.gov\/pub\/eph\/satellites\/bsp\/sat440l.bsp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/115978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/116931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Symplectic correctors","volume":"10","author":"Wisdom J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"J. Wisdom, M. Holman, J. Touma, Symplectic correctors. Fields Inst. Commun. 10, 217 (1996).","journal-title":"Fields Inst. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv1862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"G. J. Sussman J. Wisdom Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics (MIT Press ed. 2 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/114149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stw609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RG002i004p00661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa2802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","unstructured":"W. Polycarpe V. Lainey A. Vienne B. Noyelles M. Saillenfest N. Rambaux in vol. 49 of AAS\/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting (American Astronomical Society 2018) p. 9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Acad\u00e9mie des sciences et lettres de montpellier","volume":"1","author":"Roche E.","year":"1847","unstructured":"E. Roche, Acad\u00e9mie des sciences et lettres de montpellier. M\u00e9m. Sect. Sci 1, 243\u2013262 (1847).","journal-title":"M\u00e9m. Sect. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(92)90193-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(90)90175-9"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.abn1234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T19:12:30Z","timestamp":1705345950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abn1234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6612","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.abn1234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abn1234","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]}}}