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Here, we used synchrotron imaging to examine the internal morphology of the unerupted permanent dentition and confirmed its identification as\n            <jats:italic>H. erectus<\/jats:italic>\n            . Additionally, we used revised paleomagnetic ages to show that (i) the mandible in level E is ~2 million years old and represents one of the earliest\n            <jats:italic>H. erectus<\/jats:italic>\n            fossils and that (ii) overlying level D, ~1.95 million years old, contains the earliest known Acheulean assemblage.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add9115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T18:00:43Z","timestamp":1697133643000},"page":"713-718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Early\n            <i>Homo erectus<\/i>\n            lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"382","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-9591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margherita","family":"Mussi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze dell\u2019Antichit\u00e0, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy."},{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain."},{"name":"ISMEO \u2013 The International Association for Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, 00186 Roma, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8321-3543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK."},{"name":"Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey (CSDHJ), University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-8696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rita T.","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universit\u00e0 di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3268-7439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Panera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain."},{"name":"Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueolog\u00eda, Facultad de Geograf\u00eda e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"IDEA, Instituto de Evoluci\u00f3n en \u00c1frica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28010 Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6236-6564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susana","family":"Rubio-Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain."},{"name":"Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueolog\u00eda, Facultad de Geograf\u00eda e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"IDEA, Instituto de Evoluci\u00f3n en \u00c1frica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28010 Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3616-3832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK."},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Geraads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Pal\u00e9ontologie \u2013 Paris, Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Bocherens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany."},{"name":"Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Briatico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze dell\u2019Antichit\u00e0, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy."},{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-4726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adeline","family":"Le Cabec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany."},{"name":"Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Minist\u00e8re de la Culture, PACEA (UMR 5199), F-33600 Pessac, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6283-8114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Hublin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany."},{"name":"Chaire de Pal\u00e9oanthropologie, CIRB (UMR 7241\u2013U1050), Coll\u00e8ge de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4826-4143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agness","family":"Gidna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Heritage, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymonde","family":"Bonnefille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEREGE, Universit\u00e9 Aix-Marseille, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Technopole Arbois-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 04, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1465-9685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Di Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-873X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Quintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain."},{"name":"IDEA, Instituto de Evoluci\u00f3n en \u00c1frica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28010 Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"GEAAT, Grupo de Estudos de Arqueolox\u00eda, Antig\u00fcidade e Territorio. Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Historia, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Bonnefille R. T. Melis M. Mussi \u201cVariability in the Mountain Environment at Melka Kunture Archaeological Site Ethiopia During the Early Pleistocene (~1.7 Ma) and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (0.9\u20130.6 Ma)\u201d in The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond. Contributions in Honor of Jean Chavaillon R. Gallotti M. Mussi Eds. (Springer 2018) pp. 93\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75985-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"D. Geraads V. Eisenmann G. Petter \u201cThe large mammal fauna of the Oldowan sites of Melka Kunture\u201d in Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture Ethiopia J. Chavaillon M. Piperno Eds. 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