{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:32:13Z","timestamp":1792290733670,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6611","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been substantial research on adult COVID-19 and how to treat it. But how do severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections afflict children? The COVID-19 pandemic has yielded many surprises, not least that children generally develop less severe disease than older adults, which is unusual for a respiratory disease. However, some children can develop serious complications from COVID-19, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and Long Covid, even after mild or asymptomatic COVID-19. Why this occurs in some and not others is an important question. Moreover, when children do contract COVID-19, understanding their role in transmission, especially in schools and at home, is crucial to ensuring effective mitigation measures. Therefore, in addition to nonpharmaceutical interventions, such as improved ventilation, there is a strong case to vaccinate children so as to reduce possible long-term effects from infection and to decrease transmission. But questions remain about whether vaccination might skew immune responses to variants in the long term. As the experts discuss below, more is being learned about these important issues, but much more research is needed to understand the long-term effects of COVID-19 in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade1675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T17:57:40Z","timestamp":1662659860000},"page":"1144-1149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["COVID-19 and children"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"377","author":[{"given":"Carl A.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevan C.","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Immunobiology and of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsy C.","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binita","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University Foundation Trust and School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammie","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Covid Kids &amp; Friends Charity, Crowhurst, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepti","family":"Gurdasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Pagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Operational Research Unit, University College London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hotez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA."},{"name":"Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA."},{"name":"Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA."},{"name":"James A. 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