{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:19:00Z","timestamp":1792073940320,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6673","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Policy-makers seeking to limit the impact of coal electricity-generating units (EGUs, also known as power plants) on air quality and climate justify regulations by quantifying the health burden attributable to exposure from these sources. We defined \u201ccoal PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u201d as fine particulate matter associated with coal EGU sulfur dioxide emissions and estimated annual exposure to coal PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    from 480 EGUs in the US. We estimated the number of deaths attributable to coal PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    from 1999 to 2020 using individual-level Medicare death records representing 650 million person-years. Exposure to coal PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    was associated with 2.1 times greater mortality risk than exposure to PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    from all sources. A total of 460,000 deaths were attributable to coal PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    , representing 25% of all PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    -related Medicare deaths before 2009 and 7% after 2012. Here, we quantify and visualize the contribution of individual EGUs to mortality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf4915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T14:01:20Z","timestamp":1700748080000},"page":"941-946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Mortality risk from United States coal electricity generation"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"382","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1957-8761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucas","family":"Henneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University Volgenau School of Engineering, Fairfax, VA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-9718","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christine","family":"Choirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8966-9469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene","family":"Dedoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Aircraft Noise and Climate Effects, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9382-0141","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Dominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5961-4686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corwin","family":"Zigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-443OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba5692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EF000196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417609112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"International Energy Agency \u201cCoal 2022: Analysis and forecast to 2025\u201d (IEA 2022); https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/coal-2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"S. Meredith \u201cRussia is squeezing Europe\u2019s gas supplies sparking a bitter and reluctant return to coal \u201d CNBC 21 June 2022; https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2022\/06\/21\/ukraine-war-europe-turns-to-coal-as-russia-squeezes-gas-supplies.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"M. Eddy \u201cGermany will fire up coal plants again in an effort to save natural gas \u201d The New York Times 19 June 2022; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/06\/19\/world\/europe\/germany-russia-gas.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab34e3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency \u201cNew source performance standards for greenhouse gas emissions from new modified and reconstructed fossil fuel-fired electric generating units; emission guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions from existing fossil fuel-fired electric generating units; and repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule\u201d (EPA 2023); https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2023-05\/FRL-8536-02-OAR%20111EGU%20NPRM%2020230504_Admin.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1983-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819989116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid; https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0600-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-0219-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality","volume":"140","author":"Krewski D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"D. Krewski, M. Jerrett, R. T. Burnett, R. Ma, E. Hughes, Y. Shi, M. C. Turner, C. A. Pope 3rd, G. Thurston, E. E. Calle, M. J. Thun, B. Beckerman, P. DeLuca, N. Finkelstein, K. Ito, D. K. Moore, K. B. Newbold, T. Ramsay, Z. Ross, H. Shin, B. Tempalski, Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst.140, 5\u2013114, discussion 115\u2013136 (2009). 19627030","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13253-022-00508-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818859116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency \u201cAir pollutant emissions trends data: State average annual emissions trend\u201d (EPA 2018); https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-emissions-inventories\/air-pollutant-emissions-trends-data."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab1ab5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es304831q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2016.1140693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-99-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"Clean Air Science Advisory Committee \u201cCASAC review of the EPA\u2019s policy assessment for the reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter\u201d (EPA 2022) report EPA-CASAC-22-002; https:\/\/casac.epa.gov\/ords\/sab\/f?p=113:12:1342972375271:::12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency \u201cClean air markets program data\u201d (EPA 2016); https:\/\/campd.epa.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"Online data exploration tool \u201cCoal Pollution Impacts Explorer\u201d for: S. 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Sabath \u201cNational Causal Analysis Health Outcomes: SAS code to create analytic dataset GitHub (2021); https:\/\/github.com\/NSAPH\/National-Causal-Analysis\/tree\/master\/HealthOutcomes."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abe4f7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","first-page":"295","article-title":"An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion, and deposition","volume":"47","author":"Draxler R. R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. R. Draxler, G. D. Hess, An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion, and deposition. Aust. Meteorol. Mag.47, 295\u2013308 (1998).","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. 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Dasgupta Asymptotic Theory of Statistics and Probability (Springer 2008); http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-0-387-75971-5."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-016-0398-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency \u201c2017 National Emissions Inventory: January 2021 Updated Release Technical Support Document\u201d (EPA 2021) Report EPA-454-21-001; https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-02\/documents\/nei2017_tsd_full_jan2021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.956904"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.adf4915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T18:36:58Z","timestamp":1705343818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.adf4915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6673","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.adf4915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adf4915","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}