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Nearly all these mutations are characteristic of the action of APOBEC3 deaminases, host enzymes with antiviral function. Assuming APOBEC3 editing is characteristic of human MPXV infection, we developed a dual-process phylogenetic molecular clock that\u2014inferring a rate of ~6 APOBEC3 mutations per year\u2014estimates that MPXV has been circulating in humans since 2016. These observations of sustained MPXV transmission present a fundamental shift to the perceived paradigm of MPXV epidemiology as a zoonosis and highlight the need for revising public health messaging around MPXV as well as outbreak management and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg8116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T14:00:04Z","timestamp":1698933604000},"page":"595-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["APOBEC3 deaminase editing in mpox virus as evidence for sustained human transmission since at least 2016"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"382","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8083-474X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00c1ine","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, 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