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We demonstrate that the correlation of an axon branch\u2019s activity with neighboring axons or postsynaptic neurons predicts whether the branch will be added, stabilized, or eliminated. Desynchronizing individual axons from their local networks, changing the pattern of correlated activity, or blocking\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -methyl-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -aspartate receptors all significantly altered single-axon morphology. These observations provide the first direct evidence in vivo that endogenous patterns of correlated neuronal activity instruct fine-scale refinement of axonal processes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh7814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T17:58:56Z","timestamp":1723744736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Hebbian instruction of axonal connectivity by endogenous correlated spontaneous activity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"385","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8220-5876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4063-4978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Barson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5718-0717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."},{"name":"Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6469-2550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Crair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."},{"name":"Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125533"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.5.1353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.6.1041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22796-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","volume-title":"The organization of behavior","author":"Hebb D. 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